AY Honors/Fungi/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 12:14, 15 September 2021

2021-09-15T12:14:24Z

W126jep at 12:58, 28 May 2021

2021-05-28T12:58:18Z

W126jep at 15:40, 13 April 2021

2021-04-13T15:40:10Z

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles * existing text overwritten *

2021-03-19T02:28:26Z

Bot: Automated import of articles *** existing text overwritten ***

Jomegat: move IAConnection to Overview page

2021-02-27T20:06:03Z

move IAConnection to Overview page

W126jep: Marked this version for translation

2021-02-25T16:39:11Z

Marked this version for translation

Jomegat bot: Delete Honor_Master template from answer key

2021-01-23T17:08:25Z

Delete Honor_Master template from answer key

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles * existing text overwritten *

2020-12-26T01:10:08Z

Bot: Automated import of articles *** existing text overwritten ***

Jomegat bot: Jomegat bot moved page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi to AY Honors/Fungi/Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

2020-12-19T17:54:30Z

Jomegat bot moved page AY Honor Fungi to AY Honor Fungi Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

Jomegat at 22:04, 11 April 2020

2020-04-11T22:04:22Z

@@ Line 89: / Line 89: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:55-->
 </noinclude>
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Rust infection}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Rust infection}}
 <noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 {{CloseReq}} <!-- 4a -->
@@ Line 140: / Line 140: @@
 <!-- 5. Identify five fungus plant diseases. -->
 ===Fusarium oxysporum=== <!--T:62-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Fusarium oxysporum}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Fusarium oxysporum}}
 {{clear}}
 ===Downy mildew=== <!--T:21-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Downy mildew}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Downy mildew}}
 {{clear}}
 ===Botrytis (Leaf blight, Neck rot)=== <!--T:22-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Botryotinia}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Botryotinia}}
 {{clear}}
 ===Alternaria alternata=== <!--T:23-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Alternaria alternata}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Alternaria alternata}}
 {{clear}}
 ===Smut=== <!--T:24-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Smut}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Smut}}
 {{clear}}
 ===Magnaporthe grisea=== <!--T:25-->
-{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Magnaporthe grisea}}
+{{:AY Honors/Fungi/Magnaporthe grisea}}
 {{clear}}

@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 <!--T:2-->
 ;Zygomycota: The zygomycetes, in phylum Zygomycota, are characterized by the formation of sexual spores called zygospores. The zygospores are not contained within a specialized fruiting body or sac. An example of a zygomycete is the common black bread mold, ''Rhizopus nigricans'', which spreads over the surface of bread and other food sources, sending hyphae inward to absorb nutrients. In its asexual phase it develops bulbous black sporangia at the tips of upright hyphae, each containing hundreds of haploid spores. These fungi have many industrial uses including ''Rhizopus'' used in tofu production and ''Blakeslea trispora'' which is used to manufacture beta-carotene for dietary supplements and other uses.
-[[File:Zygomycetes_on_solid_media..png|200px]]
+[[File:Zygomycetes_on_solid_media.png|200px]]
 <!--T:3-->

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 <!--T:33-->
-;Chytridiomycetes:  The chytrids, represents a group of primitive aquatic fungi. They are characterized by having reproductive cells can move themselves by using whip-like tails called flagella.  ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' is a chytrid fungus that causes the potato wart disease or black Scab.
+;Chytridiomycetes: The chytrids, represents a group of primitive aquatic fungi. They are characterized by having reproductive cells can move themselves by using whip-like tails called flagella. ''Synchytrium endobioticum'' is a chytrid fungus that causes the potato wart disease or black Scab.
 <!--T:34-->
@@ Line 24: / Line 24: @@
 <!--T:4-->
-;Ascomycota: They are also called the “sac fungi” because their sexual spores (ascospores) are enclosed in tube-like sacs known as asci.  This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants, and for making alcoholic beverages. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, Dead Man's Fingers, cup fungi, and the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia."
+;Ascomycota: They are also called the “sac fungi” because their sexual spores (ascospores) are enclosed in tube-like sacs known as asci. This group is of particular relevance to humans as sources for medicinally important compounds, such as antibiotics and for making bread, and cheese, but also as pathogens of humans and plants, and for making alcoholic beverages. Familiar examples of sac fungi include morels, truffles, brewer's yeast and baker's yeast, Dead Man's Fingers, cup fungi, and the majority of lichens (loosely termed "ascolichens") such as Cladonia."
 [[File:Sarcoscypha_coccinea_74716.jpg|200px]]
@@ Line 43: / Line 43: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:50-->
 </noinclude>
-<!-- 2. Identify fifteen common fungi of your locality. Draw or photograph them from live specimens.  -->
+<!-- 2. Identify fifteen common fungi of your locality. Draw or photograph them from live specimens. -->
-The best way to approach this requirement like all similar nature honor requirements, is to go out looking for fungi, and then try to figure out what you have found.  This is far more effective than studying your field guide, deciding what you want to look for, and then going out for a look while walking past other fungi you could be identifying. Also remember the requirement says fungi, so open your eyes to fungi other then mushrooms. It should be easy to find, photograph and identify 15 common fungi if you take your camera whenever you are out walking or hiking anyway. Fungi help decompose rotting stumps and logs, and like moisture, so search appropriately.  Look up too, not just down, for some fungi grow on the sides of trees.  In the kitchen and garden you might also look for black mold (will mom let you leave some bread out?) and yeasts.
+The best way to approach this requirement like all similar nature honor requirements, is to go out looking for fungi, and then try to figure out what you have found. This is far more effective than studying your field guide, deciding what you want to look for, and then going out for a look while walking past other fungi you could be identifying. Also remember the requirement says fungi, so open your eyes to fungi other then mushrooms. It should be easy to find, photograph and identify 15 common fungi if you take your camera whenever you are out walking or hiking anyway. Fungi help decompose rotting stumps and logs, and like moisture, so search appropriately. Look up too, not just down, for some fungi grow on the sides of trees. In the kitchen and garden you might also look for black mold (will mom let you leave some bread out?) and yeasts.
 <!--T:7-->
-For identify fungi outdoors, you will need a field guide (book or online).  The field guide you select should cover the area where you are looking for fungi.  For example, a field guide to the mushrooms of Australia is not going to help you very much if you're looking for fungi in North America.
+For identify fungi outdoors, you will need a field guide (book or online). The field guide you select should cover the area where you are looking for fungi. For example, a field guide to the mushrooms of Australia is not going to help you very much if you're looking for fungi in North America.
 <!--T:8-->
-Once you have a field guide, take it, plus your camera or sketch pad, and go out looking for fungi.  When you find one, try to figure out what it is using your field guide.  It is difficult to distinguish the various species of fungi from photographs alone, so you will want to identify it on the spot.  Many times the identification of a species will rely on an obscure feature such as the gills on the underside of a mushroom.  Chances are, if you attempt to identify the fungus later from a snapshot, you will not have captured one of the critical identifying features, or the feature was not sufficiently in focus.  That is why you will want to make an identification when you have direct access to the specimen.  If you find yourself looking at an interesting specimen and do not have your field guide with you, by all means, sketch it out and take photos.  There is always the chance that you will be able to identify it later.  Take special notice of the gills (if there are any), how they attach to the stem, and any "fringes" around the stem.
+Once you have a field guide, take it, plus your camera or sketch pad, and go out looking for fungi. When you find one, try to figure out what it is using your field guide. It is difficult to distinguish the various species of fungi from photographs alone, so you will want to identify it on the spot. Many times the identification of a species will rely on an obscure feature such as the gills on the underside of a mushroom. Chances are, if you attempt to identify the fungus later from a snapshot, you will not have captured one of the critical identifying features, or the feature was not sufficiently in focus. That is why you will want to make an identification when you have direct access to the specimen. If you find yourself looking at an interesting specimen and do not have your field guide with you, by all means, sketch it out and take photos. There is always the chance that you will be able to identify it later. Take special notice of the gills (if there are any), how they attach to the stem, and any "fringes" around the stem.
 <!--T:51-->
@@ Line 58: / Line 58: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:52-->
 </noinclude>
-<!-- 3. Name three important fungi and tell what their value is.  -->
+<!-- 3. Name three important fungi and tell what their value is. -->
 Here are 5 example fungi used directly for food, as an agent to make food and alcohol, for industrial purposes, for medicine, and as a biological insecticide in farming.
@@ Line 68: / Line 68: @@
 <!--T:11-->
-;''Aspergillus niger'': Better known as ''A. niger'' or ''black mold'' it commonly spoils fruits and other foods, but this fungus has beneficial uses too.  It is used to make citric acid commercially, and it also can be used to make gluconic acid. Both are important food additives. Many useful enzymes are produced using industrial fermentation of A. niger. For example, A. niger glucoamylase is used in the production of high fructose corn syrup, and pectinases are used in cider and wine clarification. Alpha-galactosidase, an enzyme that breaks down certain complex sugars, is a component of Beano and other products that decrease flatulence It is used for food safety as a challenge organism for cleaning validation studies performed within sterile manufacturing facilities.
+;''Aspergillus niger'': Better known as ''A. niger'' or ''black mold'' it commonly spoils fruits and other foods, but this fungus has beneficial uses too. It is used to make citric acid commercially, and it also can be used to make gluconic acid. Both are important food additives. Many useful enzymes are produced using industrial fermentation of A. niger. For example, A. niger glucoamylase is used in the production of high fructose corn syrup, and pectinases are used in cider and wine clarification. Alpha-galactosidase, an enzyme that breaks down certain complex sugars, is a component of Beano and other products that decrease flatulence It is used for food safety as a challenge organism for cleaning validation studies performed within sterile manufacturing facilities.
 <!--T:12-->
@@ Line 84: / Line 84: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:54-->
 </noinclude>
-<!-- 4. Tell the life history of one example of each of the following:  -->
+<!-- 4. Tell the life history of one example of each of the following: -->
 <noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=4a}}
@@ Line 95: / Line 95: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:56-->
 </noinclude>
-Penicillium chrysogenum is a mold that is widely distributed in nature, and is often found living on foods and in indoor environments.  It is the source of several β-lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin.
+Penicillium chrysogenum is a mold that is widely distributed in nature, and is often found living on foods and in indoor environments. It is the source of several β-lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin.
 <!--T:14-->
@@ Line 138: / Line 138: @@
 {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=5}}
 <noinclude><translate></noinclude>
-<!-- 5. Identify five fungus plant diseases.  -->
+<!-- 5. Identify five fungus plant diseases. -->
 ===Fusarium oxysporum=== <!--T:62-->
 {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Fusarium oxysporum}}
@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 <noinclude><translate><!--T:64-->
 </noinclude>
-<!-- 6. Know what safety precautions to observe when handling fungi.  -->
+<!-- 6. Know what safety precautions to observe when handling fungi. -->
 <!--T:38-->
@@ Line 175: / Line 175: @@
 <!--T:39-->
-Harvesting wild mushrooms is an age-old practice and remains an important economic activity around the world. However, there are poisonous mushrooms that look much like edible mushrooms.  Be sure to have your pick checked by an experienced mushroom expert or buyer before consuming anything you pick. Better yet, don't pick and eat wild mushrooms at all (unless you are a trained professional).
+Harvesting wild mushrooms is an age-old practice and remains an important economic activity around the world. However, there are poisonous mushrooms that look much like edible mushrooms. Be sure to have your pick checked by an experienced mushroom expert or buyer before consuming anything you pick. Better yet, don't pick and eat wild mushrooms at all (unless you are a trained professional).
 <!--T:40-->
-According to the excellent book The North America Guide to Common Posionous Plants and Mushrooms, there are about 100 known poisonous species out of about 5000 named species of mushrooms in the United States.  One third to one half of mushroom taxa in the USA remain unidentified and many of the identifed species are not gathered for food and have not been tested for toxicity. The situation in other parts of the world is even worse, where there is often a very limited understanding and no local guides to what mushrooms grow there. Relying on a North American or European guidebook in another region could prove deadly since toxicity levels between similar looking mushrooms vary around the world.
+According to the excellent book The North America Guide to Common Posionous Plants and Mushrooms, there are about 100 known poisonous species out of about 5000 named species of mushrooms in the United States. One third to one half of mushroom taxa in the USA remain unidentified and many of the identifed species are not gathered for food and have not been tested for toxicity. The situation in other parts of the world is even worse, where there is often a very limited understanding and no local guides to what mushrooms grow there. Relying on a North American or European guidebook in another region could prove deadly since toxicity levels between similar looking mushrooms vary around the world.
 <!--T:41-->
@@ Line 184: / Line 184: @@
 <!--T:42-->
-If you suspect mushroom poisoning (which may manifest hours after consuming mushrooms), seek immediate medical attention. Bring a sample of the mushroom to the hospital and call a poison control center.  Globally, over 50% of mushroom poisonings are fatal, but with good medical care and prompt attention over 90% of victims recover in North America.
+If you suspect mushroom poisoning (which may manifest hours after consuming mushrooms), seek immediate medical attention. Bring a sample of the mushroom to the hospital and call a poison control center. Globally, over 50% of mushroom poisonings are fatal, but with good medical care and prompt attention over 90% of victims recover in North America.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-<languages /><br />
+{{HonorSubpage}}
 <section begin="Body" />
 {{ansreq|page={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|2|1}}|num=1}}
@@ Line 241: / Line 227: @@
 [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Do at home|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
 <noinclude></translate></noinclude>
-<section end="Body" />
+{{CloseHonorPage}}

@@ Line 11: / Line 11: @@
 |insignia=Fungi_Honor.png
 }}
 <!--T:47-->

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 |insignia=Fungi_Honor.png
 }}
-{{Honor_Master|honor=Fungi|master=Naturalist|group=Flora}}
+<!--{{Honor_Master|honor=Fungi|master=Naturalist|group=Flora}}-->
 {{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Nature_Study|FRONTIER GUIDE Nature Study]]|(as one of two options) an activity which meets Requirement #2 this Honor|This Honor is a popular choice for the Level 2 or 3 Nature Honor required of FRONTIER GUIDES.}}

@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 {{Honor_Master|honor=Fungi|master=Naturalist|group=Flora}}
 {{IAConnection|[[Investiture_Achievement/Guide/Nature_Study|FRONTIER GUIDE Nature Study]]|(as one of two options) an activity which meets Requirement #2 this Honor|This Honor is a popular choice for the Level 2 or 3 Nature Honor required of FRONTIER GUIDES.}}
-==1. Give the name of five classes of fungi and examples of each.== <!--T:1-->
 <!--T:32-->
@@ Line 45: / Line 50: @@
 All fungi lack chlorophyll, the substances that allows plants to make their own food through photosynthesis. Instead, fungi get food from decaying plant or animal matter, through symbiosis or in the case of parasitic fungi, from living plants or animals. While we often think of mushrooms as a synonym for fungi, there are only about 10-20,000 species of mushrooms out of an estimated 1,500,000 species of fungi, the majority being inconspicuous or microscopic. Only about 80,000 species of fungi are named. (Source: The North American Guide to Common Poisonous Plants and Mushrooms, Turner & von Aderkas, pg 63)
-==2. Identify fifteen common fungi of your locality. Draw or photograph them from live specimens. == <!--T:6-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 The best way to approach this requirement like all similar nature honor requirements, is to go out looking for fungi, and then try to figure out what you have found.  This is far more effective than studying your field guide, deciding what you want to look for, and then going out for a look while walking past other fungi you could be identifying. Also remember the requirement says fungi, so open your eyes to fungi other then mushrooms. It should be easy to find, photograph and identify 15 common fungi if you take your camera whenever you are out walking or hiking anyway. Fungi help decompose rotting stumps and logs, and like moisture, so search appropriately.  Look up too, not just down, for some fungi grow on the sides of trees.  In the kitchen and garden you might also look for black mold (will mom let you leave some bread out?) and yeasts.
@@ Line 54: / Line 63: @@
 Once you have a field guide, take it, plus your camera or sketch pad, and go out looking for fungi.  When you find one, try to figure out what it is using your field guide.  It is difficult to distinguish the various species of fungi from photographs alone, so you will want to identify it on the spot.  Many times the identification of a species will rely on an obscure feature such as the gills on the underside of a mushroom.  Chances are, if you attempt to identify the fungus later from a snapshot, you will not have captured one of the critical identifying features, or the feature was not sufficiently in focus.  That is why you will want to make an identification when you have direct access to the specimen.  If you find yourself looking at an interesting specimen and do not have your field guide with you, by all means, sketch it out and take photos.  There is always the chance that you will be able to identify it later.  Take special notice of the gills (if there are any), how they attach to the stem, and any "fringes" around the stem.
-==3. Name three important fungi and tell what their value is. == <!--T:9-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 Here are 5 example fungi used directly for food, as an agent to make food and alcohol, for industrial purposes, for medicine, and as a biological insecticide in farming.
@@ Line 74: / Line 87: @@
-==4. Tell the life history of one example of each of the following: == <!--T:13-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
-===a. Rust ===
+{{CloseReq}} <!-- 3 -->
 {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Rust infection}}
-===b. Mold ===
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 Penicillium chrysogenum is a mold that is widely distributed in nature, and is often found living on foods and in indoor environments.  It is the source of several β-lactam antibiotics, most significantly penicillin.
@@ Line 83: / Line 105: @@
 Like the many other species of the genus Penicillium, ''P. chrysogenum'' reproduces by forming dry chains of spores (or conidia) from brush-shaped stalks called conidiophores. The conidia are typically carried by air currents to new colonization sites. In ''P. chrysogenum'' the conidia are blue to blue-green, and the mold sometimes exudes a yellow pigment. However, P. chrysogenum cannot be identified based on color alone. Observations of morphology and microscopic features are needed to confirm its identity.
-===c. Mushroom === <!--T:15-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 [[Image:Bird's nest fungi - context.jpg|thumb|220px|''Nidulariaceae'' - Bird's nest fungi]]
 Bird's nest fungi are fungi with fruiting bodies that look like egg-filled birds' nests and make up the order the ''Nidulariales''.
@@ Line 94: / Line 119: @@
 {{clear}}
-===d. Yeast === <!--T:18-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 [[Image:Yeast lifecycle.svg|thumb|right|400px|The yeast cell's life cycle.<br>
 . Budding<br>
@@ Line 105: / Line 133: @@
 {{clear}}
-==5. Identify five fungus plant diseases. == <!--T:20-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 ===Fusarium oxysporum===
 {{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi/Fusarium oxysporum}}
@@ Line 130: / Line 163: @@
 {{clear}}
-==6. Know what safety precautions to observe when handling fungi. == <!--T:26-->
+<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
 <!--T:38-->
@@ Line 175: / Line 212: @@
 For additional information concerning fungi, health effects, and addressing flood damaged materials, please visit OSHA’s Safety and Health Topics web page on Molds and Fungi at: http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/molds/index.html
 ==References== <!--T:31-->
 * http://www.caes.state.ct.us/PlantPestHandbookFiles/pphO/pphonio.htm
@@ Line 184: / Line 224: @@
 [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Do at home|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
 <noinclude></translate></noinclude>

← Older revision	Revision as of 17:54, 19 December 2020
(No difference)

@@ Line 182: / Line 182: @@
 <!--T:45-->
 [[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
 <noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Fungi/Answer Key - Revision history

W126jep at 12:14, 15 September 2021

W126jep at 12:58, 28 May 2021

W126jep at 15:40, 13 April 2021

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles *** existing text overwritten ***

Jomegat: move IAConnection to Overview page

W126jep: Marked this version for translation

Jomegat bot: Delete Honor_Master template from answer key

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles *** existing text overwritten ***

Jomegat bot: Jomegat bot moved page Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Nature/Fungi to AY Honors/Fungi/Answer Key: Bot: Moved page

Jomegat at 22:04, 11 April 2020

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles * existing text overwritten *

Jomegat bot: Bot: Automated import of articles * existing text overwritten *