Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Rainforests/Answer Key

2017-04-02T04:11:01Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>


{{honor_desc
|stage=00
|honorname=Rainforests
|skill=1
|year=2016
|category=Nature
|authority=North American Division
|insignia=No_Patch.png
}}

==1. Describe a rainforest.== 
Rainforests are forest communities, which receive heavy rainfall and are home to half of all terrestrial animal and plant species (including two thirds of all flowering plants). The amount of sun in the layers of plants is important to determine what is able to grow.

==2. State the two main kinds of rainforests and describe how they are different. Diagram on a map locations of these two main kinds of rainforests identifying these types.== 
;NOTE: For hands-on Pathfinders, have them mark the average depth of rain on the wall for each kind of forest and then stick their hand in a bowl of water that is 45 degrees and 80 degrees to feel the difference in average temperature of each climate.
===Temperate rainforests (Tropical dry forest)===
[[File:Temperate rainforest map.svg|thumb|450px|A map showing the areas of temperate rainforest]]
Temperate rainforests receive 55 inches of rain each year with about 6 months of a dryer season. Average temperatures of 39-54F. Leaves often fall off during the dry season. Canopy covers 70 percent of the sky. They are found between polar and equatorial regions.
{{clear}}
===Tropical rainforest (Tropical wet forest)===
[[File:800px-tropical wet forests.png|thumb|450px|A map showing the areas of tropical rainforest]]
Tropical rainforests receive 78 inches or much more rain each year with average temperatures between 77-84F year round. Vertically layered forest because of competition for light in the thick forest. Trees usually do not lose their leaves. Found mostly in the equatorial regions
{{clear}}

==3. Explain what causes so much rain to fall in rainforest biome areas.== 
[[File:Atmospheric circulation.svg|thumb|450px|Atmospheric circulation diagram.]]
The equator is heated by direct sunlight. As air rises, the water vapor cools and condenses and falls as rain causing the tropical rainforest. This is why tropical rainforests are mostly found along the equator (see the pattern labeled "Hadley cells" in the diagram). The drier air moves north and south of the equator and falls, causing deserts to form. Similar convection currents occur at 60 degrees north and south causing the temperate rain forest. This is why temperate rainforests are mostly found between the poles and the equator (see the pattern labeled "Ferrel cells" in the diagram).
{{clear}}


[[File:Steigungsregen.jpg|thumb|450px|Mountains disrupt the normal precipitation patterns.]]
Irregularities in the general pattern described above can be caused by mountains and coastlines. Here, the air cools as it rises, allowing water to condense and fall as rain.
{{clear}}

==4. Draw a diagram showing the vertical layers of plants in a tropical rainforest. Label them.== 
[[File:Tropical rainforest layers.png|thumb|350px|A. Forest floor, B. Understory, C. Canopy, D. Emergent layer]]
;D. Emergent layer: Trees that grow above the closed canopy to heights of 150-180 (45-55m) and sometimes even 230-260 feet (70-80m)!
;C. Canopy layer: trees that cover the 2 lower layers, most diverse layer, about 100-150 (30-45m) feet tall


;B. Understory layer: layers of sub-canopy trees with large leaves to capture what little bit of sunlight comes through, shrubs, and woody vines; nothing usually grows more than 10ft (3m) high


;A. Forest floor: layers of shrubs and herbs and small non-woody plants. Receives very little sunlight so it’s very clear for animals to move around.
{{clear}}

==5. Describe, draw, or use a hands-on demonstration to show how rainforests regenerate (replace lost or injured living organisms).== 
*'''A:''' Seedlings regenerate in shade and natural openings due to a rich and moist environment.
*'''B:''' When a tree falls, it can open up a gap in the trees to allow sunlight in to help these seedlings grow taller.
*'''C:''' Nurse Logs are fallen and decaying trees that provide nutrient-rich locations for new trees to grow.


This YouTube video may help to show how a gap opens up in the forest for sunlight to come in, even though tree cutting isn’t promoted.


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">c857OyaRF9M</HTML5video>


For hands-on learners, try making a nurse log out of clay or some other materials.

==6. Be able to identify five birds that live in the tropical rainforest.== 
There are thousands of species of birds that live in the rainforest. Here are a few:
<gallery>
Ceratogymna elata -Hong Kong Zoo-8a.jpg|Yellow-casqued hornbill
Northern double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris reichenowi preussi) male.jpg|Collared sunbird
Psittacus erithacus qtl1.jpg|African grey parrot
Keel-billed toucan, costa rica.jpg|Keel-billed toucan
Belize54.JPG|Scarlet macaw
African crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus) immature.jpg|Crowned eagle
Pharomachrus mocinno -male.jpg|Quetzal
Blue-winged kookaburra arp.jpg|Blue-winged kookaburra
Puerto Rican parrot.jpg|Puerto Rican parrot
</gallery>


Here's a video featuring several species:


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">0tkrPZrOsHs</HTML5video>

==7. Be able to identify ten animals that live in the tropical rainforest.== 

Just as with birds, there are many other animals that live in the rainforest. Here are a few:
<gallery>
Galeopterus variegatus 1577W.jpg|Malayan Colugo
Callosciurus notatus 1386W.jpg|Plantain Squirrel
Cnemaspis peninsularis 1483W.jpg|Peninsular Rock Gecko
</gallery>

==8. List the predominant vegetation in rainforests.== 

==9. What is an epiphyte? Be able to identify from pictures three plant examples.== 

==10. Learn about one invasive species that affects the rainforest.== 

==11. What are some renewable resources that rainforests provide for humans?== 

==12. List at least three ways that rainforests can be protected.== 

==13. Prepare an object lesson about a plant, animal, or bird that lives in the rainforest. Share this lesson in a group setting such as a club/unit worship, children’s story in church, campfire, or vespers.== 

==14. Do at least three of the following activities:== 

===a. Visit an exhibit or conservatory of rainforest trees and/or plants.=== 

===b. Make a collection of at least three types of epiphytes.=== 

===c. Visit a zoo where there are animals typical of the rainforest biome.=== 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Zoo Visit}}

===d. Watch a video about the rainforest, or plants or animals that live there.=== 


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">beTLIa5EVe4</HTML5video>

===e. Draw or paint a picture of something you had fun learning about while studying the rainforest.=== 

===f. As a group, make a short video about a real life rainforest conservation project. Explain why this specific habitat should be saved.=== 

==References== 


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Rainforests/Answer Key

2017-04-02T04:10:09Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>


{{honor_desc
|stage=00
|honorname=Rainforests
|skill=1
|year=2016
|category=Nature
|authority=North American Division
|insignia=No_Patch.png
}}

==1. Describe a rainforest.== 
Rainforests are forest communities, which receive heavy rainfall and are home to half of all terrestrial animal and plant species (including two thirds of all flowering plants). The amount of sun in the layers of plants is important to determine what is able to grow.

==2. State the two main kinds of rainforests and describe how they are different. Diagram on a map locations of these two main kinds of rainforests identifying these types.== 
;NOTE: For hands-on Pathfinders, have them mark the average depth of rain on the wall for each kind of forest and then stick their hand in a bowl of water that is 45 degrees and 80 degrees to feel the difference in average temperature of each climate.
===Temperate rainforests (Tropical dry forest)===
[[File:Temperate rainforest map.svg|thumb|450px|A map showing the areas of temperate rainforest]]
Temperate rainforests receive 55 inches of rain each year with about 6 months of a dryer season. Average temperatures of 39-54F. Leaves often fall off during the dry season. Canopy covers 70 percent of the sky. They are found between polar and equatorial regions.
{{clear}}
===Tropical rainforest (Tropical wet forest)===
[[File:800px-tropical wet forests.png|thumb|450px|A map showing the areas of tropical rainforest]]
Tropical rainforests receive 78 inches or much more rain each year with average temperatures between 77-84F year round. Vertically layered forest because of competition for light in the thick forest. Trees usually do not lose their leaves. Found mostly in the equatorial regions
{{clear}}

==3. Explain what causes so much rain to fall in rainforest biome areas.== 
[[File:Atmospheric circulation.svg|thumb|450px|Atmospheric circulation diagram.]]
The equator is heated by direct sunlight. As air rises, the water vapor cools and condenses and falls as rain causing the tropical rainforest. This is why tropical rainforests are mostly found along the equator (see the pattern labeled "Hadley cells" in the diagram). The drier air moves north and south of the equator and falls, causing deserts to form. Similar convection currents occur at 60 degrees north and south causing the temperate rain forest. This is why temperate rainforests are mostly found between the poles and the equator (see the pattern labeled "Ferrel cells" in the diagram).
{{clear}}


[[File:Steigungsregen.jpg|thumb|450px|Mountains disrupt the normal precipitation patterns.]]
Irregularities in the general pattern described above can be caused by mountains and coastlines. Here, the air cools as it rises, allowing water to condense and fall as rain.
{{clear}}

==4. Draw a diagram showing the vertical layers of plants in a tropical rainforest. Label them.== 
[[File:Tropical rainforest layers.png|thumb|350px|A. Forest floor, B. Understory, C. Canopy, D. Emergent layer]]
;D. Emergent layer: Trees that grow above the closed canopy to heights of 150-180 (45-55m) and sometimes even 230-260 feet (70-80m)!
;C. Canopy layer: trees that cover the 2 lower layers, most diverse layer, about 100-150 (30-45m) feet tall


;B. Understory layer: layers of sub-canopy trees with large leaves to capture what little bit of sunlight comes through, shrubs, and woody vines; nothing usually grows more than 10ft (3m) high


;A. Forest floor: layers of shrubs and herbs and small non-woody plants. Receives very little sunlight so it’s very clear for animals to move around.
{{clear}}

==5. Describe, draw, or use a hands-on demonstration to show how rainforests regenerate (replace lost or injured living organisms).== 
*'''A:''' Seedlings regenerate in shade and natural openings due to a rich and moist environment.
*'''B:''' When a tree falls, it can open up a gap in the trees to allow sunlight in to help these seedlings grow taller.
*'''C:''' Nurse Logs are fallen and decaying trees that provide nutrient-rich locations for new trees to grow.


This YouTube video may help to show how a gap opens up in the forest for sunlight to come in, even though tree cutting isn’t promoted.


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">c857OyaRF9M</HTML5video>


For hands-on learners, try making a nurse log out of clay or some other materials.

==6. Be able to identify five birds that live in the tropical rainforest.== 
There are thousands of species of birds that live in the rainforest. Here are a few:
<gallery>
Ceratogymna elata -Hong Kong Zoo-8a.jpg|Yellow-casqued hornbill
Northern double-collared sunbird (Cinnyris reichenowi preussi) male.jpg|Collared sunbird
Psittacus erithacus qtl1.jpg|African grey parrot
Keel-billed toucan, costa rica.jpg|Keel-billed toucan
Belize54.JPG|Scarlet macaw
African crowned eagle (Stephanoaetus coronatus) immature.jpg|Crowned eagle
Pharomachrus mocinno -male.jpg|Quetzal
Blue-winged kookaburra arp.jpg|Blue-winged kookaburra
Puerto Rican parrot.jpg|Puerto Rican parrot
</gallery>


Here's a video featuring several species:


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">0tkrPZrOsHs</HTML5video>

==7. Be able to identify ten animals that live in the tropical rainforest.== 

Just as with birds, there are many other animals that live in the rainforest. Here are a few:
<gallery>
Galeopterus variegatus 1577W.jpg|Malayan Colugo
Callosciurus notatus 1386W.jpg|Plantain Squirrel
Cnemaspis peninsularis 1483W.jpg}Peninsular Rock Gecko
</gallery>

==8. List the predominant vegetation in rainforests.== 

==9. What is an epiphyte? Be able to identify from pictures three plant examples.== 

==10. Learn about one invasive species that affects the rainforest.== 

==11. What are some renewable resources that rainforests provide for humans?== 

==12. List at least three ways that rainforests can be protected.== 

==13. Prepare an object lesson about a plant, animal, or bird that lives in the rainforest. Share this lesson in a group setting such as a club/unit worship, children’s story in church, campfire, or vespers.== 

==14. Do at least three of the following activities:== 

===a. Visit an exhibit or conservatory of rainforest trees and/or plants.=== 

===b. Make a collection of at least three types of epiphytes.=== 

===c. Visit a zoo where there are animals typical of the rainforest biome.=== 


{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Zoo Visit}}

===d. Watch a video about the rainforest, or plants or animals that live there.=== 


<HTML5video type="youtube" width="400" autoplay="false">beTLIa5EVe4</HTML5video>

===e. Draw or paint a picture of something you had fun learning about while studying the rainforest.=== 

===f. As a group, make a short video about a real life rainforest conservation project. Explain why this specific habitat should be saved.=== 

==References== 


[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

File:Cnemaspis peninsularis 1483W.jpg

2017-04-02T04:04:20Z

RABaker96: Peninsular Rock Gecko (Cnemaspis peninsularis). A gecko that lives in rainforests in Southeast Asia, particularly around the openings of damp caves. This image was taken March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the highest hill in Singapore, and one that supports o...

== Summary ==
Peninsular Rock Gecko (Cnemaspis peninsularis). A gecko that lives in rainforests in Southeast Asia, particularly around the openings of damp caves.
This image was taken March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the highest hill in Singapore, and one that supports one of the last primary rainforests in Singapore.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Callosciurus notatus 1386W.jpg

2017-04-02T03:59:37Z

RABaker96: Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus). A fairly common squirrel found in Southeast Asia. This image was taken in March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the highest hill in Singapore, which hosts one of the few primary rainforests left in Singapore.

== Summary ==
Plantain Squirrel (Callosciurus notatus). A fairly common squirrel found in Southeast Asia.
This image was taken in March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the highest hill in Singapore, which hosts one of the few primary rainforests left in Singapore.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Galeopterus variegatus 1577W.jpg

2017-04-02T03:54:07Z

RABaker96: Malayan Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) - Also known as the Malayan Flying Lemur. A rainforest dweller from Southeast Asia. This image was taken in March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the tallest hill in Singapore, which also supports one of the few primary r...

== Summary ==
Malayan Colugo (Galeopterus variegatus) - Also known as the Malayan Flying Lemur. A rainforest dweller from Southeast Asia.
This image was taken in March 2017 on Bukit Timah, the tallest hill in Singapore, which also supports one of the few primary rainforests left in Singapore.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T18:08:22Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Sand is composed of inorganic material, even if it had biogenic origins (shells, coral, diatoms, foraminfera). Soil, however, is made up of sand, silt, clay, and organic humus (broken down plant and animal matter).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

Sand shape can be classified using a Wadell Scale, which uses two features to classify each grain: '''Angularity''' and '''Sphericity'''. The angularity axis considers if the grain has sharp angles or if it has been rounded through abrasion. The sphericity axis considers how round or oblong an item is, and ranges from high sphericity (nearly a ball) to low sphericity (perhaps a rod, curve, or other shape).

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes. Glacial sand may be used in construction or as fill.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone. Calcareous sand may be used in construction, as road fill (particularly in beach nad island environments where it may be plentiful), and as a base material on gold course putting greens and some athletic fields.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. Several different grain sizes, gradually growing smaller, are used to polish surfaces.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. Depending on its mineral origin, lake shore sand is often used for foundry work.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

<gallery mode>
Image:PortMelbourne 2271.jpg|1
Image:BarHarbor 2242.jpg|2
Image:SeapointCapetown 2225.jpg|3
Image:MonaIsland 2217.jpg|4
Image:Soesoggak 2229.jpg|5
Image:MustangIsland 2237.jpg|6
Image:Champlain 2277.jpg|7
Image:ColumbiaRiver 2265.jpg|8
</gallery>

1. Port Melbourne, Australia. Primarily mineral origin.

2. Bar Harbor, Maine. A mixed mineral and biogenic sand.

3. Sea Point, Capetown, Southafrica. Primarily biogenic.

4. Mona Island, Puerto Rico. A biogenic sand.

5. Soesogakk, Jeju, South Korea. Volcanic origin.

6. Mustang Island, Texas. An example of very fine sand.

7. Lake Champlain, Vermont. An example of a very coarse sand.

8. Columbia River, Oregon. An example of riverine sand.

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T18:01:34Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Sand is composed of inorganic material, even if it had biogenic origins (shells, coral, diatoms, foraminfera). Soil, however, is made up of sand, silt, clay, and organic humus (broken down plant and animal matter).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

Sand shape can be classified using a Wadell Scale, which uses two features to classify each grain: '''Angularity''' and '''Sphericity'''. The angularity axis considers if the grain has sharp angles or if it has been rounded through abrasion. The sphericity axis considers how round or oblong an item is, and ranges from high sphericity (nearly a ball) to low sphericity (perhaps a rod, curve, or other shape).

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes. Glacial sand may be used in construction or as fill.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone. Calcareous sand may be used in construction, as road fill (particularly in beach nad island environments where it may be plentiful), and as a base material on gold course putting greens and some athletic fields.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. Several different grain sizes, gradually growing smaller, are used to polish surfaces.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. Depending on its mineral origin, lake shore sand is often used for foundry work.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

<gallery mode="packed-hover">
Image:PortMelbourne 2271.jpg|Port Melbourne, Australia. Primarily mineral origin.
Image:BarHarbor 2242.jpg|Bar Harbor, Maine. A mixed mineral and biogenic sand.
Image:SeapointCapetown 2225.jpg|Sea Point, Capetown, Southafrica. Primarily biogenic.
Image:MonaIsland 2217.jpg|From Mona Island, Puerto Rico. A biogenic sand.
Image:Soesoggak 2229.jpg|Soesogakk, Jeju, South Korea. Volcanic origin.
Image:MustangIsland 2237.jpg|Mustang Island, Texas. An example of very fine sand.
Image:Champlain 2277.jpg|Lake Champlain, Vermont. An example of a very coarse sand.
Image:ColumbiaRiver 2265.jpg|Columbia River, Oregon. An example of riverine sand.
</gallery>

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

File:PortMelbourne 2271.jpg

2015-12-31T17:46:34Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Port Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Port Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Soesoggak 2229.jpg

2015-12-31T17:45:49Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand of volcanic origin, from Soesoggak, Jeju, South Korea.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand of volcanic origin, from Soesoggak, Jeju, South Korea.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:SeapointCapetown 2225.jpg

2015-12-31T17:45:01Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Sea Point, Capetown, South Africa.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Sea Point, Capetown, South Africa.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:MustangIsland 2237.jpg

2015-12-31T17:43:57Z

RABaker96: A sample of very fine sand from Mustang island, Texas, USA.

== Summary ==
A sample of very fine sand from Mustang island, Texas, USA.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:MonaIsland 2217.jpg

2015-12-31T17:43:10Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Mona Island, Puerto Rico, USA.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Mona Island, Puerto Rico, USA.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:HogstyReef 2258.jpg

2015-12-31T17:42:35Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Hogsty Reef, Bahamas.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Hogsty Reef, Bahamas.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:HalfMoonBay 2307.jpg

2015-12-31T17:41:49Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Half Moon Bay, California, USA

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Half Moon Bay, California, USA
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:ColumbiaRiver 2265.jpg

2015-12-31T17:40:48Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from the Columbia River, Oregon, USA.

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from the Columbia River, Oregon, USA.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Champlain 2277.jpg

2015-12-31T17:38:50Z

RABaker96: A sample of very coarse sand from Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA

== Summary ==
A sample of very coarse sand from Lake Champlain, Vermont, USA
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:BarHarbor 2242.jpg

2015-12-31T17:36:28Z

RABaker96: A sample of sand from Bar Harbor, Maine, USA

== Summary ==
A sample of sand from Bar Harbor, Maine, USA
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:33:28Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Sand is composed of inorganic material, even if it had biogenic origins (shells, coral, diatoms, foraminfera). Soil, however, is made up of sand, silt, clay, and organic humus (broken down plant and animal matter).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

Sand shape can be classified using a Wadell Scale, which uses two features to classify each grain: '''Angularity''' and '''Sphericity'''. The angularity axis considers if the grain has sharp angles or if it has been rounded through abrasion. The sphericity axis considers how round or oblong an item is, and ranges from high sphericity (nearly a ball) to low sphericity (perhaps a rod, curve, or other shape).

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes. Glacial sand may be used in construction or as fill.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone. Calcareous sand may be used in construction, as road fill (particularly in beach nad island environments where it may be plentiful), and as a base material on gold course putting greens and some athletic fields.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. Several different grain sizes, gradually growing smaller, are used to polish surfaces.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana. Depending on its mineral origin, lake shore sand is often used for foundry work.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:29:58Z

RABaker96: /* Shape */

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Sand is composed of inorganic material, even if it had biogenic origins (shells, coral, diatoms, foraminfera). Soil, however, is made up of sand, silt, clay, and organic humus (broken down plant and animal matter).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

Sand shape can be classified using a Wadell Scale, which uses two features to classify each grain: '''Angularity''' and '''Sphericity'''. The angularity axis considers if the grain has sharp angles or if it has been rounded through abrasion. The sphericity axis considers how round or oblong an item is, and ranges from high sphericity (nearly a ball) to low sphericity (perhaps a rod, curve, or other shape).

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. This type of sand must be very fine grained.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:26:26Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Sand is composed of inorganic material, even if it had biogenic origins (shells, coral, diatoms, foraminfera). Soil, however, is made up of sand, silt, clay, and organic humus (broken down plant and animal matter).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. This type of sand must be very fine grained.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:11:35Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is formed through two primary processes - Physical and Chemical.

Physical sand formation includes '''weathering''' (natural erosion of parent material via wind, wave, temperature or organic breakdown), '''crushing''' (a more direct way of breaking parent material into smaller portions), and through '''pyroclastic''' means (formed from volcanic activity).

Chemical sand formation is usually through '''precipitation''', often when calcium carbonate or silicate in solution forms around some smaller particle and settles out in the form of ooliths.

The mineral content of sand reflects its parent material. Typical minerals include quartz and other silicates, feldspar, micas, and calcium carbonate.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Soil is very similar to sand, and it is formed in much the same way. In fact sand is a component of soil. The main difference though is that soil contains a lot of organic material (such as decayed plants, decayed animals, etc.).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. This type of sand must be very fine grained.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:03:14Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is made when rock of any kind is eroded by wind or by water. The mineral content of sand is the same as the parent rock - quartz, granite, feldspar, etc. The color of the sand depends on the parent rock.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Soil is very similar to sand, and it is formed in much the same way. In fact sand is a component of soil. The main difference though is that soil contains a lot of organic material (such as decayed plants, decayed animals, etc.).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.
If sand grains have a polished appearance, it usually reflects their origin in a water environment (rivers, streams, lakes or the ocean). Sand grains with a frosted appearance are usually the product of a windy environment.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. This type of sand must be very fine grained.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Sand/Answer Key

2015-12-31T17:01:11Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate></noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Sand
|skill=1
|year=1956
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Sand_Honor.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Sand|master=Conservation}}
==1. Make a collection of 30 various colored sands. Correctly label with the name and locality where each was secured. == 
Sand can be found almost anywhere. Lakes, rivers, beaches, ponds, and even backyards are all places where you can find sand. When you have collected sand from a location, check there again - most places have more than one color of sand.


While collecting, you will need plastic baggies (in which to store the sand), and a permanent marker (to label the baggies). Label each bag with your name, the date, and the location where the sand was found. Be as specific as possible (perhaps recording latitude and longitude if you have a GPS receiver). Some people prefer to use clear pill bottles - ask nicely at your local pharmacy for enough to hold your collection.


Be sure to collect enough sand to share with others. If you are working on this honor with your club, 30 colors should not be very difficult to achieve if everyone collects enough sand for everyone else. You can also trade sand with other ''Arenophiles'' (sand collectors) whom you can contact via the Internet:


* http://www.arenophile.com/
* http://www.sand-collecting.org/


Get started, explorer!

==2. What does the term "sand" mean? Name two kinds of sand.== 
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely divided rock and mineral particles. As the term is used by geologists, sand particles range in diameter from 0.0625 (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 millimeters. An individual particle in this range size is termed a sand grain.


There are three major types of sand:
;Terregenous: This type of sand is eroded from rocks (sedimentary, volcanic, and crystalline), and is generally transported by water. Most sand is of this type.
;Carbonate: This type of sand has organic origins, being made from ground sea shells, corals, and other marine sources.
;Pyroclastic: This type of sand is created when volcanoes erupt and blow their ash (pyroclastic sand) into the atmosphere.

==3. Give the origin of sand and mineral content.== 
Sand is made when rock of any kind is eroded by wind or by water. The mineral content of sand is the same as the parent rock - quartz, granite, feldspar, etc. The color of the sand depends on the parent rock.

==4. What is the difference between sand and soil?== 
Soil is very similar to sand, and it is formed in much the same way. In fact sand is a component of soil. The main difference though is that soil contains a lot of organic material (such as decayed plants, decayed animals, etc.).

==5. What is meant by shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size?== 
===Shape===
The shape of a grain of sand can tell us about its history. Rounded grains are those which are relatively old, the rounding being caused by the grain getting blown around by wind or pushed around by water. Grains with more angular surface are relatively young, not having had time to get rounded by the forces of nature.

===Surface=== 
The surface texture of grains may be polished, frosted, or marked by small pits and scratches. This information can usually be seen best under a binocular microscope, not in a thin section.

===Grain Fracture=== 
In the field of mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a mineral is broken. Minerals often have a highly distinctive fracture, making it a principal feature used in their identification.

====Conchoidal fracture==== 
[[Image:ObsidianOregon.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Obsidian]]
'''Conchoidal fracture''' is a curved breakage that resembles the concentric ripples of a mussel shell. It often occurs in amorphous or fine-grained minerals such as flint, opal or obsidian, but may also occur in crystalline minerals such as quartz. '''Subconchoidal fracture''' is similar to conchoidal fracture, but not as curved.
 

====Earthy fracture==== 
[[Image:Limonite_bog_iron_cm02.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Limonite]]
'''Earthy fracture''' is reminiscent of freshly broken soil. It is frequently seen in relatively soft, loosely bound minerals, such as limonite, kaolinite and aluminite.
 

====Hackly fracture==== 
[[Image:Cuivre_natif1_%28USA%29.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Native copper]]
'''Hackly fracture''' (also known as '''jagged fracture''') is jagged, sharp and uneven. It occurs when metals are torn, and so is often encountered in native metals such as copper and silver.
 

====Splintery fracture==== 
[[Image:Chrysotile_1.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Chrysotile]]
'''Splintery fracture''' comprises sharp elongated points. It is particularly seen in fibrous minerals such as chrysotile, but may also occur in non-fibrous minerals such as kyanite.
 

====Uneven fracture==== 
[[Image:MagnetitaEZ.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Magnetite]]
'''Uneven fracture''' is self descriptive. It occurs in a wide range of minerals including arsenopyrite, pyrite and magnetite.
 

===Grain Size=== 
Grain size, also called particle size, refers to the diameter of individual grains of sediment.
In grading sand, the Wentworth Scale is often used. Sand particles ranging from 1/16 to 1/8 mm are considered Very Fine. Those from 1/8 to 1/4 mm are Fine. 1/4 to 1/2 mm are Medium. 1/2 to 1 mm are coarse. And those from 1 to 2 mm are considered very coarse.
Various grades of Gravel are larger than sand, silt and clay are smaller than sand.

==6. Define the following and give the use of each:== 
;a. Glacial: Glacial sand is sand produced by the action of a glacier grinding the rock over which it passes.
;b. Calcareous: Sand composed primarily of calcium carbonate or limestone.
;c. Quicksand: Quicksand is a ''colloid hydrogel'' consisting of fine granular matter (such as sand or silt), clay, and salt water. In the name "quick" does not mean "fast," but "alive" (as in the expression ''the quick and the dead'').
;d. Glass sand: Glass sand is sand with low iron content, and high silica (SiO2) content. This type of sand is ideal for glass making.
;e. Molding sand: Molding sand, foundry sand, or green sand is sand that when moistened or oiled tends to pack well and hold its shape. It is used in the process of sand casting.
;f. Polishing sand: Sand can be used as an abrasive material for polishing materials. This type of sand must be very fine grained.
;g. Building sand: Building sand is used for making concrete. Sharp sands (with angular surfaces) are preferred.
;h. Filter sand: Sand can be used to filter water or other liquids. A media filter is a type of filter utilizing a bed of sand, crushed granite or other material to filter water for drinking, swimming pools, aquaculture, irrigation, stormwater management and other applications.
;i. Furnace sand: Furnace sand is used for lining the floor of industrial furnaces which are used for processing molten metals (such as steel).
;j. Lake shore sand: Sand created by the wave action of a lake. A prime example would be the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore in northwest Indiana.

==7. Examine five types of sand specimens under magnification and observe their various characteristics.== 
Using a hand lens or a microscope, examine the sand grains, looking for the features described in requirement 5 (shape, surface, grain fracture, and grain size). You can also note its color and its variability are all the grains the same size? Are they all the same shape, or are there big differences from one grain to the next?

==8. Memorize and discuss Genesis 22:17, Proverbs 27:3, and Ps. 139:17-18.== 


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Genesis
| chapter = 22
| verse = 17
| text = I will surely bless you and make your descendants as numerous as the stars in the sky and as the sand on the seashore. Your descendants will take possession of the cities of their enemies
}}


{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Proverbs
| chapter = 27
| verse = 3
| text =
 
:Stone is heavy and sand a burden,
:but provocation by a fool is heavier than both.
}}

{{Bible verse
| version = NIV
| book = Psalm
| chapter = 139
| verse = 17, 18
| text =
 
:How precious to me are your thoughts, O God!
::How vast is the sum of them! 
:Were I to count them,
::they would outnumber the grains of sand.
::When I awake,
::I am still with you.
}}
==References== 
* [[w:Rock microstructure|Rock microstructure]]
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

User:RABaker96

2015-10-04T03:09:32Z

RABaker96:

I am currently an Area Coordinator for Central Texas ([http://CTXPathfinders.org]), and was previously director of the South Austin Inner Lights (SAIL) Pathfinder Club ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com]). I have been involved in Pathfinders on and off since I was 10 and could finally join. I enjoy teaching and leading youth to discovery - discovery in nature, in spirit and in their own capabilities. I have built out helps and study books for the Investiture Achievement ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/documents1.html]) and for various Pathfinder honors ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/honors.html]) for the SAIL club and for Central Texas honor fairs. I am particularly fond of the nature honors, and enjoy working on them during my travels, and teaching them to hopefully instill a love of nature and a joy at finding God through his creation. I view this wiki less as the answer sheet than a starting point for exploration. The honors and the IA are not checklists of requirements to gain felt patches, but rather are the skeleton of more fully shaped study, learning, and experience. I would like to encourage the development and use of more visual materials from within our own Pathfinder clubs to make this honor helps manual truly a reflection of the Pathfinder learning and discovery experience.

Below are the honors I have accomplished, many I am in the process of re-learning to be better prepared to assist in teaching any of them. (The pictures change - on my sash, photography has an old bellows camera, and Native American Lore (Indian Lore when I took it) has a full color headdress.)

[[File:Amphibians Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Australian Birds.png|75px]]
[[File:Bacteria Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Birds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Cats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cetaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Crustaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Dinosaurs.png|75px]]
[[File:Dogs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Endangered Species.png|75px]]
[[File:Ferns Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flowers Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fossils Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fungi Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology_Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Insects Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Lichens Liverworts and Mosses Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Invertebrates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marsupials Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Meteorites.png|75px]]
[[File:Microscopic Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Moths and Butterflies Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mountains.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Parrots and Cockatoos Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Porifera_and_Cnidarians_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Poultry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Reptiles Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rivers and Streams Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rocks and Minerals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Seeds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sharks Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shells Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shrubs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Trees Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Waterfalls Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Archery Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Backpacking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Water Safety Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Craft.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Safety.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills I.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills II.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills III.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills IV.png|75px]]
[[File:Drilling and Marching.png|75px]]
[[File:Dutch_Oven_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fire Building.png|75px]]
[[File:Geocaching_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Hiking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Knot Tying Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Orienteering Honor.png|75px]]
[[ File:Outdoor Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Skiing Downhill Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Skin Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Intermediate Swimming Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Winter Camping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Administration - Pathfinders.png|75px]]
[[File:Communications Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computer Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computers Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Electricity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Rescue.png|75px]]
[[File:Bones Muscles and Movement Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Chemistry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:CPR Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Digestion Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Basic Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Standard Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Heart and Circulation Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Red Alert Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Sewing.png|75px]]
[[File:Cooking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Food Canning Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Housekeeping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Laundering Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Nutrition Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pizza Maker.png|75px]]
[[File:Airplane-Modeling.png|75px]]
[[File:Candle-Making.png|75px]]
[[File:Counted-Cross-Stitch.png|75px]]
[[File:Digital Photography.png|75px]]
[[File:Currency Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Drawing and Painting.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft.png|75px]]
[[File:Model Rocketry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Native American Lore.png|75px]]
[[File:Origami Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Photography Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Soapcraft Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Stamps Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Tie-Dye Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pintrading.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Citizenship.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Grooming and Manners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Storytelling.png|75px]]
[[File:Cultural Diversity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Family Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flags honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gods Messenger.png|75px]]
[[File:Junior Youth Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sanctuary_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sign Language Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Disaster Response.png|75px]]
[[File:Feeding Ministries.png|75px]]
[[File:Serving Communities.png|75px]]
[[File:Fruit Growing Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gardening Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Naturalist Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Wilderness Master.png|100px]]
[[File:Health Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Artisan-master.gif|100px]]
[[File:Homemaking Master Award.png|100px]]

User:RABaker96

2015-10-04T02:48:29Z

RABaker96:

I am currently an Area Coordinator for Central Texas ([http://CTXPathfinders.org]), and was previously director of the South Austin Inner Lights (SAIL) Pathfinder Club ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com]). I have been involved in Pathfinders on and off since I was 10 and could finally join. I enjoy teaching and leading youth to discovery - discovery in nature, in spirit and in their own capabilities. I have built out helps and study books for the Investiture Achievement ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/documents1.html]) and for various Pathfinder honors ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/honors.html]) for the SAIL club and for Central Texas honor fairs. I am particularly fond of the nature honors, and enjoy working on them during my travels, and teaching them to hopefully instill a love of nature and a joy at finding God through his creation. I view this wiki less as the answer sheet than a starting point for exploration. The honors and the IA are not checklists of requirements to gain felt patches, but rather are the skeleton of more fully shaped study, learning, and experience. I would like to encourage the development and use of more visual materials from within our own Pathfinder clubs to make this honor helps manual truly a reflection of the Pathfinder learning and discovery experience.

Below are the honors I have accomplished, many I am in the process of re-learning to be better prepared to assist in teaching any of them. (The pictures change - on my sash, photography has an old bellows camera, and Native American Lore (Indian Lore when I took it) has a full color headdress.)

[[File:Amphibians Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bacteria Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Birds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Cats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cetaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Crustaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Dinosaurs.png|75px]]
[[File:Dogs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Endangered Species.png|75px]]
[[File:Ferns Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flowers Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fossils Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fungi Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology_Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Insects Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Lichens Liverworts and Mosses Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Invertebrates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marsupials Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Meteorites.png|75px]]
[[File:Microscopic Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Moths and Butterflies Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mountains.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Parrots and Cockatoos Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Porifera_and_Cnidarians_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Poultry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Reptiles Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rivers and Streams Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rocks and Minerals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Seeds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sharks Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shells Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shrubs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Trees Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Waterfalls Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Archery Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Backpacking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Water Safety Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Craft.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills I.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills II.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills III.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills IV.png|75px]]
[[File:Drilling and Marching.png|75px]]
[[File:Dutch_Oven_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fire Building.png|75px]]
[[File:Geocaching_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Hiking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Knot Tying Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Orienteering Honor.png|75px]]
[[ File:Outdoor Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Skiing Downhill Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Skin Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Intermediate Swimming Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Winter Camping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Communications Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computer Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Electricity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Rescue.png|75px]]
[[File:Bones Muscles and Movement Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Chemistry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:CPR Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Digestion Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Basic Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Standard Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Heart and Circulation Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Red Alert Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Sewing.png|75px]]
[[File:Cooking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Food Canning Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Housekeeping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Laundering Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Nutrition Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Airplane-Modeling.png|75px]]
[[File:Candle-Making.png|75px]]
[[File:Counted-Cross-Stitch.png|75px]]
[[File:Digital Photography.png|75px]]
[[File:Currency Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Drawing and Painting.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft.png|75px]]
[[File:Model Rocketry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Native American Lore.png|75px]]
[[File:Origami Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Photography Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Soapcraft Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Stamps Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Tie-Dye Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pintrading.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Citizenship.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Grooming and Manners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Storytelling.png|75px]]
[[File:Family Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Junior Youth Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sanctuary_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sign Language Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Disaster Response.png|75px]]
[[File:Feeding Ministries.png|75px]]
[[File:Serving Communities.png|75px]]
[[File:Fruit Growing Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gardening Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Naturalist Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Wilderness Master.png|100px]]
[[File:Health Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Artisan-master.gif|100px]]

User:RABaker96

2015-08-27T16:53:37Z

RABaker96:

I am currently an Area Coordinator for Central Texas ([http://CTXPathfinders.org]), and was previously director of the South Austin Inner Lights (SAIL) Pathfinder Club ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com]). I have been involved in Pathfinders on and off since I was 10 and could finally join. I enjoy teaching and leading youth to discovery - discovery in nature, in spirit and in their own capabilities. I have built out helps and study books for the Investiture Achievement ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/documents1.html]) and for various Pathfinder honors ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/honors.html]) for the SAIL club and for Central Texas honor fairs. I am particularly fond of the nature honors, and enjoy working on them during my travels, and teaching them to hopefully instill a love of nature and a joy at finding God through his creation. I view this wiki less as the answer sheet than a starting point for exploration. The honors and the IA are not checklists of requirements to gain felt patches, but rather are the skeleton of more fully shaped study, learning, and experience. I would like to encourage the development and use of more visual materials from within our own Pathfinder clubs to make this honor helps manual truly a reflection of the Pathfinder learning and discovery experience.

Below are the honors I have accomplished, many I am in the process of re-learning to be better prepared to assist in teaching any of them. (The pictures change - on my sash, photography has an old bellows camera, and Native American Lore (Indian Lore when I took it) has a full color headdress.)

[[File:Amphibians Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bacteria Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Birds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Cats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cetaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Crustaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Dinosaurs.png|75px]]
[[File:Dogs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Endangered Species.png|75px]]
[[File:Ferns Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flowers Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fossils Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fungi Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology_Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Insects Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Lichens Liverworts and Mosses Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marsupials Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Microscopic Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Moths and Butterflies Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mountains.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Parrots and Cockatoos Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Porifera_and_Cnidarians_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Poultry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Reptiles Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rivers and Streams Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rocks and Minerals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Seeds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sharks Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shells Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shrubs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Trees Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Waterfalls Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Archery Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Backpacking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Water Safety Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Craft.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills I.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills II.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills III.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills IV.png|75px]]
[[File:Drilling and Marching.png|75px]]
[[File:Dutch_Oven_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fire Building.png|75px]]
[[File:Geocaching_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Hiking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Knot Tying Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Orienteering Honor.png|75px]]
[[ File:Outdoor Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Skiing Downhill Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Skin Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Intermediate Swimming Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Winter Camping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Communications Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computer Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Electricity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Rescue.png|75px]]
[[File:Bones Muscles and Movement Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Chemistry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:CPR Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Digestion Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Basic Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Standard Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Heart and Circulation Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Red Alert Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Sewing.png|75px]]
[[File:Cooking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Food Canning Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Housekeeping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Laundering Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Nutrition Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Airplane-Modeling.png|75px]]
[[File:Candle-Making.png|75px]]
[[File:Counted-Cross-Stitch.png|75px]]
[[File:Digital Photography.png|75px]]
[[File:Currency Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Drawing and Painting.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft.png|75px]]
[[File:Model Rocketry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Native American Lore.png|75px]]
[[File:Origami Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Photography Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Soapcraft Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Stamps Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Tie-Dye Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pintrading.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Citizenship.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Grooming and Manners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Storytelling.png|75px]]
[[File:Family Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Junior Youth Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sanctuary_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sign Language Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Disaster Response.png|75px]]
[[File:Feeding Ministries.png|75px]]
[[File:Serving Communities.png|75px]]
[[File:Fruit Growing Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gardening Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Naturalist Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Wilderness Master.png|100px]]
[[File:Health Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Artisan-master.gif|100px]]

User:RABaker96

2015-08-27T16:52:54Z

RABaker96:

I am currently an Area Coordinator for Central Texas ([http://CTXPathfinders.org]), and was previously director of the South Austin Inner Lights (SAIL) Pathfinder Club ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com]). I have been involved in Pathfinders on and off since I was 10 and could finally join. I enjoy teaching and leading youth to discovery - discovery in nature, in spirit and in their own capabilities. I have built out helps and study books for the Investiture Achievement ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/documents1.html]) and for various Pathfinder honors ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/honors.html]) for the SAIL club and for Central Texas honor fairs. I am particularly fond of the nature honors, and enjoy working on them during my travels, and teaching them to hopefully instill a love of nature and a joy at finding God through his creation. I view this wiki less as the answer sheet than a starting point for exploration. The honors and the IA are not checklists of requirements to gain felt patches, but rather are the skeleton of more fully shaped study, learning, and experience. I would like to encourage the development and use of more visual materials from within our own Pathfinder clubs to make this honor helps manual truly a reflection of the Pathfinder learning and discovery experience.

Below are the honors I have accomplished, many I am in the process of re-learning to be better prepared to assist in teaching any of them. (The pictures change - on my sash, photography has an old bellows camera, and Native American Lore (Indian Lore when I took it) has a full color headdress.)

[[File:Amphibians Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bacteria Honor.png|75px]
[[File:Bats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Birds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Cats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cetaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Crustaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Dinosaurs.png|75px]]
[[File:Dogs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Endangered Species.png|75px]]
[[File:Ferns Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flowers Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fossils Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fungi Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology_Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Insects Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Lichens Liverworts and Mosses Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marsupials Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Microscopic Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Moths and Butterflies Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mountains.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Parrots and Cockatoos Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Porifera_and_Cnidarians_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Poultry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Reptiles Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rivers and Streams Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rocks and Minerals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Seeds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sharks Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shells Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shrubs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Trees Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Waterfalls Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Archery Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Backpacking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Water Safety Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Craft.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills I.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills II.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills III.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills IV.png|75px]]
[[File:Drilling and Marching.png|75px]]
[[File:Dutch_Oven_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fire Building.png|75px]]
[[File:Geocaching_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Hiking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Knot Tying Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Orienteering Honor.png|75px]]
[[ File:Outdoor Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Skiing Downhill Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Skin Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Intermediate Swimming Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Winter Camping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Communications Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computer Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Electricity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Rescue.png|75px]]
[[File:Bones Muscles and Movement Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Chemistry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:CPR Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Digestion Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Basic Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Standard Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Heart and Circulation Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Red Alert Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Sewing.png|75px]]
[[File:Cooking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Food Canning Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Housekeeping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Laundering Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Nutrition Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Airplane-Modeling.png|75px]]
[[File:Candle-Making.png|75px]]
[[File:Counted-Cross-Stitch.png|75px]]
[[File:Digital Photography.png|75px]]
[[File:Currency Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Drawing and Painting.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft.png|75px]]
[[File:Model Rocketry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Native American Lore.png|75px]]
[[File:Origami Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Photography Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Soapcraft Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Stamps Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Tie-Dye Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pintrading.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Citizenship.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Grooming and Manners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Storytelling.png|75px]]
[[File:Family Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Junior Youth Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sanctuary_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sign Language Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Disaster Response.png|75px]]
[[File:Feeding Ministries.png|75px]]
[[File:Serving Communities.png|75px]]
[[File:Fruit Growing Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gardening Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Naturalist Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Wilderness Master.png|100px]]
[[File:Health Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Artisan-master.gif|100px]]

User:RABaker96

2015-08-27T16:51:51Z

RABaker96:

I am currently an Area Coordinator for Central Texas ([http://CTXPathfinders.org]), and was previously director of the South Austin Inner Lights (SAIL) Pathfinder Club ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com]). I have been involved in Pathfinders on and off since I was 10 and could finally join. I enjoy teaching and leading youth to discovery - discovery in nature, in spirit and in their own capabilities. I have built out helps and study books for the Investiture Achievement ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/documents1.html]) and for various Pathfinder honors ([http://www.austinsouthpathfinders.com/honors.html]) for the SAIL club and for Central Texas honor fairs. I am particularly fond of the nature honors, and enjoy working on them during my travels, and teaching them to hopefully instill a love of nature and a joy at finding God through his creation. I view this wiki less as the answer sheet than a starting point for exploration. The honors and the IA are not checklists of requirements to gain felt patches, but rather are the skeleton of more fully shaped study, learning, and experience. I would like to encourage the development and use of more visual materials from within our own Pathfinder clubs to make this honor helps manual truly a reflection of the Pathfinder learning and discovery experience.

Below are the honors I have accomplished, many I am in the process of re-learning to be better prepared to assist in teaching any of them. (The pictures change - on my sash, photography has an old bellows camera, and Native American Lore (Indian Lore when I took it) has a full color headdress.)

[[File:Amphibians Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bacteria_Honor.png|75px]
[[File:Bats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Bats Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Birds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cacti Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Cats Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Cetaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Crustaceans Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Dinosaurs.png|75px]]
[[File:Dogs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Endangered Species.png|75px]]
[[File:Ferns Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Flowers Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fossils Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fungi Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Geology_Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Insects Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Lichens Liverworts and Mosses Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mammals Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Marine Mammals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Marsupials Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Microscopic Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Moths and Butterflies Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Mountains.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Odonates Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Parrots and Cockatoos Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Porifera_and_Cnidarians_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Poultry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Reptiles Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rivers and Streams Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Rocks and Minerals Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Seeds Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sharks Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shells Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Shrubs Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Trees Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Waterfalls Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Weather Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Archery Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Backpacking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Water Safety Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Camp Craft.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills I.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills II.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills III.png|75px]]
[[File:Camping Skills IV.png|75px]]
[[File:Drilling and Marching.png|75px]]
[[File:Dutch_Oven_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Fire Building.png|75px]]
[[File:Geocaching_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Hiking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Knot Tying Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Orienteering Honor.png|75px]]
[[ File:Outdoor Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Scuba Diving Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Skiing Downhill Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Skin Diving Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Swimming Beginners Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Intermediate Swimming Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Winter Camping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Communications Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Computer Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Electricity Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Internet Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Rescue.png|75px]]
[[File:Bones Muscles and Movement Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Chemistry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:CPR Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Digestion Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Basic Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:First Aid Standard Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Heart and Circulation Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Red Alert Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Basic Sewing.png|75px]]
[[File:Cooking Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Food Canning Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Housekeeping Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Laundering Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Nutrition Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Airplane-Modeling.png|75px]]
[[File:Candle-Making.png|75px]]
[[File:Counted-Cross-Stitch.png|75px]]
[[File:Digital Photography.png|75px]]
[[File:Currency Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Drawing and Painting.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft Advanced.png|75px]]
[[File:Leathercraft.png|75px]]
[[File:Model Rocketry Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Native American Lore.png|75px]]
[[File:Origami Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Photography Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Soapcraft Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Stamps Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Tie-Dye Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Pintrading.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Citizenship.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Grooming and Manners Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Christian Storytelling.png|75px]]
[[File:Family Life Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Junior Youth Leadership Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sanctuary_Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Sign Language Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Disaster Response.png|75px]]
[[File:Feeding Ministries.png|75px]]
[[File:Serving Communities.png|75px]]
[[File:Fruit Growing Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Gardening Honor.png|75px]]
[[File:Naturalist Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Wilderness Master.png|100px]]
[[File:Health Master Award.png|100px]]
[[File:Artisan-master.gif|100px]]

AY Honors/Meteorites/Answer Key

2015-08-14T19:48:22Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Meteorites
|skill=2
|year=2014
|category=Nature
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Meteorites.png
}}
{{Honor_Master|honor=Meteorites|master=Naturalist|group=Flora}}

==1. Prerequisite: Earn the Rocks and Minerals honor.== 
{{honor_prerequisite|category=Nature|honor=Rocks & Minerals}}

==2. What is a meteorite?== 
A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from asteroids or comets originating in outer space that survives impact with the Earth's atmosphere and surface. A meteorite's size can range from a small pebble to extremely large. When a meteoroid enters the atmosphere, frictional, pressure, and chemical interactions with the atmospheric gases cause the body to heat up, and emit light, thus forming a fireball, also known as a meteor or shooting or falling star.

==3. Explain the difference between a meteorite fall and a find. == 
Meteorites that are recovered after being observed as they transited the atmosphere or impacted the Earth are called falls. All other meteorites are known as finds.

==4. Explain how meteorites are named.== 
Meteorites are usually named by the finder(s) for the places they were found, usually a nearby town or geographic feature. In cases where many meteorites were found in one place, the name may be followed by a number or letter.

==5. Describe a hypervelocity crater.== 
A hypervelocity crater is an approximately circular depression on the surface of a planet, moon or other solid body in the Solar System, formed by the high velocity impact of a smaller body with the surface.


Large meteoroids may strike the ground with a significant velocity, leaving behind a hypervelocity impact crater. The size of the crater will depend on the composition, degree of fragmentation, and the incoming angle of the meteorite impact. The force of such collisions has the potential to cause widespread destruction. The most frequent hypervelocity cratering events on the Earth are caused by iron meteoroids, which are most easily able to transit the atmosphere intact. Examples of craters caused by iron meteoroids include Barringer Meteor Crater, Odessa Meteor Crater, Wabar craters, and Wolfe Creek crater.

==6. Identify from images, draw, or photograph the following types of Meteorites. Describe the common shape, size, composition, and method of formation of each type of meteorite.== 

{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement| In question 6, the three types listed are not the three main categories of meteorites by common classification. The three choices currently given are Chondrite/achondrite, achondrite, and iron, repeating achondrite twice. Meteorites are classified into three main categories: Stony (which includes Chondrites and Achondrites), Stony-Iron (with the two main subcategories being Pallasites and Mesosiderites), and Iron. These three are also related to the origin part of the question. Stony Chondrite meteorites are thought to originate in the asteroid belt, whereas Stony Achondrite meteorites are thought to be the result of material released from collisions of the outer crust of asteroids (or other planets and planetoids). Iron meteorites are generally thought to come from the core of asteroids and planetoids. Stony-Iron meteorites likely come from the boundary area between crust and core.|

Recommend the three types be changed in the question to: A. Stony (including Chondrites and Achondrites) B. Stony-Iron C. Iron.}}

===a. Chondrites/achondrites=== 
[[File:NWA869Meteorite.jpg|thumb|300px|Chondrite]]
Most meteorites are stony meteorites, classed as chondrites and achondrites. About 87% of the meteorites that fall on Earth are chondrites, which are named for the small, round particles they contain. These particles, or chondrules, are composed mostly of silicate minerals that appear to have been melted while they were free-floating objects in space.
{{clear}}

===b. Achondrites=== 
[[File:MillbillillieMeteorite.jpg|thumb|MillbillillieMeteorite|thumb|300px|An eucrite achondrite from the Millbillillie meteorite shower.]]
About 8% of the meteorites that fall on Earth are achondrites (meaning they do not contain chondrules), some of which are similar to terrestrial igneous rocks.
{{clear}}

===c. Iron meteorites=== 
[[File:TamentitMeteorite.JPG|thumb|TamentitMeteorite|thum300px|Tamentit Iron Meteorite, found in 1864 in the Sahara Desert, weight about 500 kg. On display at Vulcania park in France.]]
About 5% of meteorites that fall are iron meteorites with intergrowths of iron-nickel alloys, such as kamacite and taenite.

==7. Identify and classify three notable meteorites, including one found in your country. These may include such named meteorites as Hoba, Willamette, and Allende. What makes each of your chosen meteorites notable?== 
<gallery>
File:Hoba_Meteorite_sire.jpg|Hoba – The largest known meteorite in the world.
File:Willamette_Meteorite_AMNH.jpg|thumb|Willamette Meteorite AMNH|Willamette – The largest meteorite ever found in the United States.
File:AllendeMeteorite.jpg|thumb|AllendeMeteorite|Allende -- largest known carbonaceous chondrite (Chihuahua, Mexico, 1969).
</gallery>
{{clear}}
==8. Identify 7 Bible mentions of a meteorite or fiery rock falling from heaven (“stars,” “large stone,” “hailstone” and “brimstone” are common Biblical terms for meteorites). Discuss or describe why you think the Bible mentions meteorites.==
{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=6
|verse=13
|text=
And the stars in the sky fell to earth, as late figs drop from a fig tree by a strong wind.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=8
|verse=10
|text=
And a great star, blazing like a torch, fell from the sky.
}}
{{Bible verse
|book=Rvelation
|chapter=16
|verse=21
|text=
From the sky huge hailstones of about a hundred pounds each fell upon men.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=8
|verse=8
|text=
And something like a huge mountain, all ablaze, was thrown into the sea.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=9
|verse=1
|text=
5. The fifth angel sounded his trumpet, and I saw a star that had fallen from the sky to the earth.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Matthew
|chapter=24
|verse=29
|text=
The stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken.
}}
{{Bible verse
|book=Joshua
|chapter=10
|verse=11
|text=
The Lord hurled large hailstones down on them from the sky.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=12
|verse=4
|text=
His tail swept a third of the stars out of the sky and flung them to earth.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Revelation
|chapter=18
|verse=21
|text=
Then a mighty angel picked up a boulder the size of a large millstone and threw it into the sea.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Mark
|chapter=13
|verse=25
|text=
The stars will fall from the sky, and the heavenly bodies will be shaken.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Daniel
|chapter=2
|verse=34
|text=
While you were watching, a rock was cut out, but not by human hands. It struck the statue on its feet of iron and clay and smashed them.
}}


{{Bible verse
|book=Genesis
|chapter=19
|verse=24
|text=
Then the LORD rained upon Sodom and upon Gomorrah brimstone and fire from the LORD out of heaven.
}}

==9. Do two of the following:== 

===a. Visit a local museum and identify meteorites that have been gathered form different locations around the world.=== 
===b. Have a local rockhound/meteorite collector visit your group and present meteorites he/she has collected.===
===c. Create a display of 10 photos and information about meteorites including significant information learned in this honor.===
===d. Create a table game that assists others in learning about meteorites. You may model the game after popular card or board games.===
==References==
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

Talk:AY Honors/Meteorites/Answer Key

2015-08-14T15:45:14Z

RABaker96: Created page with "I believe there is a bit of a mistake in the phrasing of question 6 (Identify from images, draw, or photograph the following types of Meteorites. Describe the common shape, si..."

I believe there is a bit of a mistake in the phrasing of question 6 (Identify from images, draw, or photograph the following types of Meteorites. Describe the common shape, size, composition, and method of formation of each type of meteorite.)

The three choices it gives are Chondrite/achondrite, achondrite, and iron. That is repetitious, but it also is not accurate as to the three main classifications of meteorites.

Meteorites are classified into three main categories: Stony (which includes Chondrites and Achondrites), Stony-Iron (with the two main subcategories being Pallasites and Mesosiderites), and Iron. These three are also related to the origin part of the question. Stony Chondrite meteorites are thought to originate in the asteroid belt, whereas Stony Achondrite meteorites are thought to be the result of material released from collisions of the outer crust of asteroids (or other plantes and planetoids). Iron meteorites are generally thought to come from the core of asteroids and planetoids. Stony-Iron meteorites likely come from the boundary area between crust and core.

I think the question should be modified, with the a-c choices shifting from the current version to the following, which is more in line with Meteorite classification conventions:
A. Stony (including Chondrites and Achondrites)
B. Stony-Iron
C. Iron.

[[User:RABaker96|R. Baker]] ([[User talk:RABaker96|talk]])

AY Honors/Camp Safety/Answer Key

2015-08-05T00:36:05Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Camp Safety
|skill=2
|year=2009
|category=Recreation
|authority=General Conference
|insignia=Camp_Safety.png
}}
{{Honor Master|honor={{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|1|3}}|master=Wilderness}}

== 1. Why is it important to find out what the local laws are before starting a camp fire? Where should you get that information?== 
In many localities, it is ''illegal'' to light a camp fire without a permit. Failure to obtain a permit can result in a hefty fine. Permit issuance is generally left to the discretion of the local fire department, and they may decline to issue one based on current conditions (i.e., when they deem the risk of wildfires to be too great). If a person were to light an unpermitted camp fire, and that fire got out of control, the person responsible could be criminally charged and held liable for any resulting damage (which could exceed several million dollars).
Generally you should contact your local Forest Service office or Parks and Recreation Department Office for information on fire rules and regulations including permit information. In some areas of high elevation, fires are not permitted and camp stoves are required for cooking.

== 2. Identify 3 reasons why a camp fire should never be left unattended.== 
*It could get out of control and spread.
*It would be a danger to unsupervised children who are (in general) fascinated by fire and may wish to experiment with it.
*It is illegal in many localities.

== 3. List 10 rules for fire safety to consider when camping == 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Fire/Fire safety}}

== 4. Identify the temperatures the following foods should be kept at, and explain why this is important when camping:== 
;(a)Hot foods: Hot foods should be kept warmer than 60°C (140°F).
;(b)Cold foods: Cold foods should be kept cooler than 4°C (40°F).
The temperature range between 4°C (40°) and 60°C (140°F) is the ''danger zone'' where bacterial growth is vigorous. Bacteria is what makes food spoil, and eating spoiled food can cause sickness.

== 5. List 5 things you can do to prevent animals from coming into your campsite.== 
*Wash all dishes as soon as you are finished eating.
*Store food in animal-proof containers, or hang it beyond their reach.
*Food storage containers should be air-tight to prevent aromas from escaping and attracting animals.
*Do not bring food into your tent.
*Store food trash in air-tight containers as well, and place it in an inaccessible area. Another option is to burn uneaten food.


Note that these steps will still not prevent a persistent animal from investigating. Raccoons which have been acclimated to human activity are brazen enough to enter a well-lit campsite even when humans are less than 10 meters away!

== 6. What safety precautions should you consider when building a latrine?== 
*The latrine should be located at least {{units|60 meters|200 feet}} away from any source of water.
*The latrine should be private.
*The commode should be sturdy and well-able to support the weight of anyone using it.

== 7. Make a list of items that should be in a “First Aid Kit” and inspect your Pathfinder Club's camping first aid kit and make recommendations of any missing items as applicable.== 


Commercially available first aid kits available via normal retail routes have traditionally been intended for treatment of minor injuries only. Typical contents include:
* adhesive bandages
* regular strength pain medication
* gauze
* low grade disinfectant.
Additional items may include:
* tweezers (for tick and splinter removal)
* Ace bandages
* burn cream
* medical grade gloves (to protect the responder)
* alcohol pads (for sterilizing equipment and wounds)
* an epinephrine auto-injector (brand name Epipen) - often included in kits for wilderness use and in places such as summer camps, to treat anaphylactic shock.


When inspecting your club's first aid kit, be sure to check expiration dates on any medications.

== 8. List 5 things to consider when practicing good hygiene at a campsite where there is no running water (ie showers, flush toilets, sinks, or faucets).== 
*Camping does not absolve a person from good hygiene practices. It merely makes such practices a little less convenient.
*Build an appropriate latrine and locate it properly (away from the campsite and away from any source of water).
*Wash dishes in plastic tubs. One for pre-rinse, one for washing, and one for rinsing. All tubs should be filled with hot water (heat it on the camp stove), and the temperature should be checked before the dishes are washed.
*Water temperature can be moderated by mixing hot water with cold water.
*The final rinse tub can benefit from a teaspoon of chlorine bleach.
*A handwashing station can be fashioned from a gallon jug (such as a milk jug). Fill it with water, screw the cap tightly in place, and suspend it from a tree. Pierce the jug with a golf tee. When the tee is removed, water will dribble out. When the tee is replaced, the flow will stop. Put a bar of soap in the toe of an old pair of pantyhose, cut the leg from the hose, and tie it to the handle of the milk jug. This will keep the soap from falling to the ground and getting covered with debris, but the soap can be used without removing it from the hose.
*Spit toothpaste into the trash or bury it. No one wants to look at that.

== 9. Demonstrate 3 ways you can purify water when camping.== 
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Camping/Purify water}}

== 10. Identify 2 types of fuel used for camp cooking and explain what precautions should be used when using each type of fuel. Discuss 5 guidelines for safely handling the following camping items:== 
===(a)knives===
#Keep knives sharp.
#Close folding knives when they are not in use or when passing one to another person.
#Cut away from the body (yours or anyone elses).
#Do not throw knives
#Do not stick a knife blade into the ground.
===(b)axes===
#Check the condition of the axe before using it, and make certain the head is firmly attached to the handle. Check this continually as you use the axe.
#Make sure the area above the head is clear before swinging an axe.
#Do not use an axe when another person is within two axe-lengths.
#Make sure no one is directly in front of you or directly behind you (in case the axe head comes off).
#Do not chop the ground with the blade.
#Do not swing the axe unless you have a firm footing.
#Whacking a dead tree with an axe can dislodge dead limbs. Watch for them.
#Do not swing an axe towards any part of your body (especially feet and legs).

===(c)saws=== 
#Do not chop with a saw. Saws are for cutting.
#Keep fingers clear of the blade.
#Start cuts at a low angle so the blade does not bind or jump out of the kerf.
#Store a saw in a safe place when it is not in use. Don't make it a tripping hazard.
#Be aware of the entire length of the blade when sawing.
#Do not saw into whatever is supporting the item being cut.

===(d)hatchets=== 
#Do not hold an item with one hand and chop at it with the other. You really do want to keep all your fingers.
#Sheathe a hatchet when it is not in use.
#Present the handle to a person to whom you are passing a hatchet.
#Store a hatchet in a safe place when it is not in use. Don't make it a tripping hazard.
#Keep the hatchet sharp.
===(e)machetes===
#Make sure anyone using a machete is well supervised.
#Store a machete out of the reach of children.
#Do not swing the machete towards your legs or feet.
#Anticipate that the machete can glance off a target after it strikes it.
#Sheathe a machete when it is not in use.

===Types of Fuel=== 
;Propane: Propane is perhaps the most popular form of fuel for a camp stove. Be sure to close the valve tightly when the tank is not in use. When lighting a propane stove, be sure to have the fire ready before turning on the gas. If you turn on the gas first and then have trouble getting the fire to light, you can cause an explosion. Allow the gas to clear for five minutes before attempting to relight.
;Alcohol: Backpacking stoves often use denatured alcohol as their fuel source. Be aware that alcohol flames can be almost completely invisible, especially in direct sunlight. Pathfinders have been known to believe the stove is not lit because of this, and then have attempted to refuel the (lit!) stove.

== 11. Assist your club or conference leadership in a campsite safety inspection using the current Adventist Risk Management Pathfinder Camp Safety Inspection Form or its equivalent. Be able to briefly explain the score/report given concerning the safety of the campsite.== 

Adventist Risk Management has an updated Pathfinder Campsite Safety Inspection form and other information to assist with the training and fulfillment of the honor here [http://www.adventistrisk.org/prevention-resources/safety-topics/child-and-youth-activities/pathfinder-safety]

{{Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Problematic requirement
|The form provided by Adventist Risk Management is not a campsite inspection form at all, but rather, a summer camp facility inspection form. We recommend that you use your conferences camp site inspection form. Ask your conference youth director or an area coordinator for one.
|Assist your club or conference leadership in a campsite safety inspection using your conference's camp site inspection form or its equivalent. Be able to briefly explain the score/report given concerning the safety of the campsite.}}


The current Unit Inspection Form in the British Columbia Conference lists:


*Fire Extingusher/First Aid (must be visible for full points)
*Kitchen (Neat and Organized) (gray water strainer must be visible for full points)
*Camp Ground (all garbage picked up and disposed for full points)
*Tents (Clean and organized inside)(Bibles on pillow for full points)
*Canadian flag, BC flag, Pathfinder flag, Gidons, Club flag, and Uniform inspection (not safety issues)


Some conferences have the TLT's conduct camp site inspections during the Camporees. If this is the case in your conference, it makes an excellent opportunity to meet this requirement. Otherwise, it can be met by conducting a formal inspection during a club campout. Here are some of the things to check for:


*First Aid Kit
**Complete
**Accessible
**Well marked
**Medical Release Forms
**Each Pathfinder should have a copy of their own
**Each Staff member should have copies for all Pathfinders under their care.
**Master copies should be in a central location


*Fire Safety
**Fire extinguishing equipment present (unless no fire is to be lit)
**Perimeter around fire pit is neat and free from obstructions
**Fire is confined to a proper fire ring


*Tents
**Properly pitched
**All ropes and guy lines are tight
**Sleeping bags and luggage are neat
**Adults and children in separate tents
**Boys' and girls' tents are properly separated


*Kitchen Area
**Food is secured against animals
**Food is stored at a safe temperature
**Kitchen and dishes are clean
**Fire extinguisher accessible and near stove
**Area is neat and free from tripping hazards


*General Campsite Area
**Clearly marked entrance
**Neat
**Free from tripping hazards
**Tools are stored properly
**Potentially dangerous tools are secured away from young hands
**Pathfinders have proper supervision at all times.

==References== 
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:36:45Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|200px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 

[[Image:AustraliaSeal 8075 W.jpg|250px]]


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

More information about the Australian state flags and emblems can be found here. [http://www.csu.edu.au/australia/state-emblems]

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Cormorants have less preening oil than many other waterbirds, so their feathers can become waterlogged. They are often seen drying their feathers with wings outspread after several dives.

Below are two of Australia's cormorants, the Little Pied Cormorant on the left, and the Little Black Cormorant on the right.

[[Image:LittlePiedCormorant 4918.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittleBlackCormorant 4919.jpg|250px]]

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

File:LittlePiedCormorant 4918.jpg

2015-08-04T03:30:21Z

RABaker96: Little Pied Cormorant (Microcarbo melanoleucos). Image taken in Sydney, Australia, December 2013.

== Summary ==
Little Pied Cormorant (Microcarbo melanoleucos). Image taken in Sydney, Australia, December 2013.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:LittleBlackCormorant 4919.jpg

2015-08-04T03:28:30Z

RABaker96: Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris). Image taken in Sydney, Australia, December 2013.

== Summary ==
Little Black Cormorant (Phalacrocorax sulcirostris). Image taken in Sydney, Australia, December 2013.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:AustraliaSeal 8075 W.jpg

2015-08-04T03:23:47Z

RABaker96: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
The Australian Coat of Arms (Melbourne Museum)

== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:23:21Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|200px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 

[[Image:AustraliaSeal 8075 W.jpg|250px]]


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

More information about the Australian state flags and emblems can be found here. [http://www.csu.edu.au/australia/state-emblems]

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

File:AustraliaSeal 8075 W.jpg

2015-08-04T03:18:27Z

RABaker96: Emblem of Australia (Melbourne Museum)

== Summary ==
Emblem of Australia (Melbourne Museum)
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:16:37Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|200px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:15:18Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|200px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:14:14Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|250px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T03:08:39Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

Both the Emu and the Cassowary are known as Ratites, flightless birds without a keel on the breastbone for flight muscle attachment. Other Ratites include Ostriches, Rheas and Kiwis.

[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg|250px]]

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|right|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

File:Casuarius casuarius 5279 W.jpg

2015-08-04T03:05:13Z

RABaker96: Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). [Captive] Image taken at San Antonio Zoo, January 2011.

== Summary ==
Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). [Captive] Image taken at San Antonio Zoo, January 2011.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Casuarius casuarius 5276 W.jpg

2015-08-04T03:04:29Z

RABaker96: Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). [Captive] Image taken at San Antonio Zoo, January 2011.

== Summary ==
Southern Cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). [Captive] Image taken at San Antonio Zoo, January 2011.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9019.jpg

2015-08-04T02:54:00Z

RABaker96: Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Image taken at the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, near Brisbane, Australia, October 2014.

== Summary ==
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Image taken at the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, near Brisbane, Australia, October 2014.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

File:Dromaius novaehollandiae 9017.jpg

2015-08-04T02:53:04Z

RABaker96: Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Image taken at the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, near Brisbane, Australia, October 2014.

== Summary ==
Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae). Image taken at the Lone Pine Koala Sanctuary, near Brisbane, Australia, October 2014.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T02:46:24Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|right|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html

Another list is available here [http://australianfinches.com/FinchVarieties.aspx] Australian finches are commony kept and bred as pets.


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

Red-Browed Finch

[[Image:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg|250px]]

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

File:Neochmia temporalis 8044.jpg

2015-08-04T02:43:54Z

RABaker96: Red-Browed Finch (Neochmia temporalis). Image taken at the Melbourne Museum aviary, Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.

== Summary ==
Red-Browed Finch (Neochmia temporalis). Image taken at the Melbourne Museum aviary, Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T02:38:02Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

*Queensland:
**Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
**Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
**Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

*New South Wales:
**Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
**Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
**Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

*Victoria:
**Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

*South Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

*Western Australia:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

*Northern Territory:
**Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
**Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|right|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
<noinclude></translate></noinclude>
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Australian Birds/Answer Key

2015-08-04T02:34:21Z

RABaker96:

<languages /> 
<noinclude><translate>
</noinclude>
{{honor_desc
|stage=100
|honorname=Australian Birds
|category=Nature
|authority=South Pacific Division
|insignia_source=SPD
|insignia=Australian Birds.png}}

==1.a. Which is the largest of the Australian birds?== 
'''[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu The Emu]''' is the second largest bird in the world by height (after the ostrich)and is widely found in Australia. The largest emus can reach up to 1.5–1.9 m (4.9–6.2 ft) in height, 1–1.3 m (3.3–4.3 ft) at the shoulder. In length measured from the bill to the tail, emus range from 139 to 164 cm (55 to 65 in), with males averaging 148.5 cm (58.5 in) and females averaging 156.8 cm (61.7 in). Emus weigh between 18 and 60 kg (40 and 132 lb), with an average of 31.5 and 36.9 kg (69 and 81 lb) in males and females, respectively. Females are usually larger than males by a small amount, and are substantially wider across the rump.


However, according to this [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_birds list of the largest birds], the Southern and Northern Cassowary are both on average heavier and larger than the Emu, but not always as tall. So the answer depends on how you define "largest".

==1. b. Describe its nest, including number, size and colour eggs and how incubated.== 


[[Image:Emu_Gelege.jpg|left|200px]]


Male Emu lose their appetite and construct a rough nest in a semi-sheltered hollow on the ground from bark, grass, sticks, and leaves.[3] The nest is almost always a flat surface rather than a segment of a sphere, although in cold conditions the nest is taller, up to 7 cm tall, and more spherical to provide more insulation. When other material is lacking, it can also use spinifex grass bushes more than a metre across, despite the prickly nature. The nest can be placed in open ground or near scrubs and rocks, although thick grass is usually present if the emu takes the former option. The nests are usually placed in an area where the emu has a clear view of the surrounds and can detect predators.


The pair mates every day or two, and every second or third day the female lays one of an average of 11 (and as many as 20) very large, thick-shelled, dark-green eggs. The shell is around 1 mm thick although indigenous Australians say that northern eggs are thinner. The number of eggs varies with rainfall. The eggs are on average 134 by 89 millimetres (5.3 in × 3.5 in) and weigh between 700 and 900 grams (1.5 and 2.0 lb),[49] which is roughly equivalent to 10–12 chicken eggs in volume and weight. The egg surface is granulated and pale green. During the incubation period, the egg turns dark green, although if the egg never hatches, it will turn white from the bleaching effect of the sun.


The male Eu becomes broody after his mate starts laying, and begins to incubate the eggs before the laying period is complete. From this time on, he does not eat, drink, or defecate, and stands only to turn the eggs, which he does about 10 times a day. Sometimes he will walk away at night; he chooses such a time as most predators of emu eggs are not nocturnal. Over eight weeks of incubation, he will lose a third of his weight and will survive only on stored body-fat and on any morning dew that he can reach from the nest.


[[Image:Casuarius_casuarius-Artis_Zoo_-Netherlands_-male_and_chicks-8c.jpg|left|200px]]


The male cassowary builds a nest on the ground; a mattress of herbaceous plant material 5 to 10 centimetres (2–4 in) thick and up to 100 centimetres (39 in) wide. This is thick enough to let moisture drain away from the eggs. The male also incubates the eggs and raises the chicks alone. A clutch of three or four eggs are laid measuring 138 by 95 millimetres (5.4 in × 3.7 in). They have a granulated surface and are initially bright pea-green in colour although they fade with age.

==1. c. How fast can this bird run?== 
Emu can sprint at 50 km/h (31 mph).
Cassowary are also fast runners, attaining speeds up to 48 km (30 mi) per hr.
Both birds are flightless and run about the same maximum speed.

==1. d. Which is the tallest 'flying' bird?== 


Sarus crane (Grus antigone) is a large non-migratory crane found in parts of the Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia and Australia. The tallest of the flying birds, standing at a height of up to 1.8 m (5.9 ft).

==1. e. Can you name Australia's only native stork?== 


The Black-necked Stork is the only stork found in Australia. With black and white body plumage, glossy dark green and purple neck and massive black bill, it is easily identified from all other Australian birds. The legs are long and coral-red in colour. The female is distinguished by its yellow eyes while males have brown irises.

[[Image:Ephippiorhynchus_asiaticus_-India-8.jpg|200px]]

==2. Are penguins found naturally in Australia and if so, where would you go to observe penguins?== 


At 30cm and just 1kg, the Little Penguin (Eudyptula minor), also called the Fairy Penguin, is the smallest species of Penguin in the world. It is also the only penguin native to Australia. Found primarily along the southern coast of Australia, there is a well-known small colony nesting in the St. Kilda Pier, near Melbourne, and a larger group on Phillip Island that “parade” at dusk when returning from a day fishing at sea. Below are images of juvenile Little Penguins, hiding in the St. Kilda Pier. Also, a map highlighting the range of all Penguin species (Penguins are only found in the south, not the north)

[[Image:LittlePenguin 4444.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:LittlePenguin 4437.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Penguin_range.png|250px]]

==3. a. Which bird is known as the "Laughing Jackass"?== 
The Laughing Kookaburra (''Dacelo novaeguineae'') is an Australian carnivorous kingfisher with a distinctive call (You can hear the call on this page [[http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Dacelo-novaeguineae]]. They live in eastern Australia, nesting in tree hollows or termite nests. A similar species is the Blue-Winged Kookaburra, though its call is not nearly as "laughing" as that of its cousin. Note that the Laughing Kookaburra is pictured on the patch for the Australian Birds honor.

[[Image:Dacelo_novaeguineae_waterworks.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 8337.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:LaughingKookaburra 4816.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9129.jpg|200px]]

==3. b. To which species does it belong?== 


Order Coraciiformes (Kingfishers and Rollers)

Family Alcedinidae (Kingfishers)

Genus Dacelo (Kookaburras)

Dacelo novaeguineae - Laughing Kookaburra
Dacelo leachii - Blue-Winged Kookaburra

[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9122.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Dacelo leachii 9098.jpg|250px]]

==3. c. What is unusual about the family makeup of this bird?== 


Most species of kookaburra live in family units, mate for life, and both parents assist with incubation and feeding. In addition, the offspring help the parents hunt and care for the next generation of offspring. Now that is unusual in any species!

A juvenile Laughing Kookaburra, still in its pin-feathers.
[[Image:Dacelo novaeguineae 9141.jpg|250px]]

==4. a. Name at least 2 birds who incubate their eggs in the ground.== 
Australia's Megapodes are mound-builders, making large nests from leaf litter to incubate their eggs. These include the Australian Brush-Turkey (Alectura lathami), the Malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata), and the Orange-Footed Scrub Fowl (Megapodius reinwardt).

The Australian Brush-Turkey
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8734.jpg|250px]]

==4. b. Describe how the nest is built and eggs are laid and incubated for one of these birds.== 

Australian Brush-Turkeys, and other megapodes, build their nests by scraping together large mounds of leaf litter. The eggs are laid in the mound and covered. Warmth is provided by the decaying vegetation, with the Brush-Turkey adjusting the temperature (which it measures by sticking its beak into the mound) by adding or removing brush as needed.

An Australian Brush-Turkey working on its mound.
[[Image:Alectura lathami 8691.jpg|250px]]

==4. c. What is the term which describes this type of bird?== 


The Megapodes are often also called Mound Builders or Incubator Birds.

==5. a. What does the Bower Bird use his bower for and what colour is the Satin Bower Bird known to 'steal' to decorate the bower?== 

A bower is large structure made of grass and bright objects, used by the bower bird during courtship displays to attract a mate. They prefer blue items.

[[Image:Satinbowerbirdmale.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8026.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 8045.jpg|200px]]
[[Image:Ptilonorhynchus violaceus Bower 8018.jpg|200px]]

==5. b. Can you name a Bower Bird which lives in your state?== 


Check the ranges of the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowerbird#Taxonomy_and_systematics various bower bird species] to find one that lives in your state. If no Bower Birds live in your state (you live outside the range of the bird), consider picking an [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia Australian state] and figuring out one that lives there.

The Satin Bowerbird, perhaps the best known, is found in at least three Australian states, from Queensland to Victoria. Below are the male and female Satin Bowerbirds.

[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4183.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:SatinBowerbird 4181.jpg|250px]]

A partial list of Australian Bowerbirds by state:

Queensland:
Spotted Catbird (''Ailuroedus melanotis'')
Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
Tooth-Billed Bowerbird (''Scenopoeetes dentirostris'')
Golden Bowerbird (''Prionodura newtoniana'')
Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')
Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')
Fawn-Breasted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera cerviniventris'')

New South Wales:
Green Catbird (''Ailuroedus crassirostris'')
Regent Bowerbird (''Sericulus chrysocephalus'')
Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')
Spotted Bowerbird (''Chlamydera maculata'')

Victoria:
Satin Bowerbird (''Ptilonorhynchus violaceus'')

South Australia:
Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')

Western Australia:
Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

Northern Territory:
Western Bowerbird (''Chlamydera guttata'')
Great Bowerbird (''Chlamydera nuchalis'')

==6. Where does the Lyre Bird get his name and what is special about his song?== 


The lyrebird's name came from an ignorant mistake, perpetrated in a famous painting. The male bird has a spectacular tail, consisting of 16 highly modified feathers (two long slender lyrates at the centre of the plume, two broader medians on the outside edges and twelve filamentaries arrayed between them).


[[Image:Lyre_bird.jpg|200px|John Gould's early 1800s painting of a superb lyrebird specimen at the British Museum]] This happened when a superb lyrebird specimen (which had been taken from Australia to England during the early 19th century) was prepared for display at the British Museum by a taxidermist who had never seen a live lyrebird. The taxidermist mistakenly thought that the tail would resemble a lyre, and that the tail would be held in a similar way to that of a peacock during courtship display, and so he arranged the feathers in this way. Later, John Gould (who had also never seen a live lyrebird), painted the lyrebird from the British Museum specimen.


Although very beautiful, the male lyrebird's tail is not held as in John Gould's painting. Instead, the male lyrebird's tail is fanned over the lyrebird during courtship display, with the tail completely covering his head and back—as can be seen in the image below and also the image of the 10 cent coin, where the superb lyrebird's tail (in courtship display) is portrayed accurately.


[[Image:Superb_Lyrebird_mound_dance.jpg|left|200px]] [[Image:Australian_10c_Coin.png|left|200px]]


A lyrebird's song is one of the more distinctive aspects of its behavioural biology. Lyrebirds sing throughout the year, but the peak of the breeding season, from June to August, is when they sing with the most intensity. During this peak they may sing for four hours of the day, almost half the hours of daylight. The song of the superb lyrebird is a mixture of seven elements of its own song and any number of other mimicked songs and noises. The lyrebird's syrinx is the most complexly-muscled of the Passerines (songbirds), giving the lyrebird extraordinary ability, unmatched in vocal repertoire and mimicry. Lyrebirds render with great fidelity the individual songs of other birds and the chatter of flocks of birds, and also mimic other animals such as koalas and dingos. The lyrebird is capable of imitating almost any sound and they have been recorded mimicking human caused sounds such as a mill whistle to a cross-cut saw, chainsaws, car engines and car alarms, fire alarms, rifle-shots, camera shutters, dogs barking, crying babies, music, and even the human voice. However, while the mimicry of human noises is widely reported, the extent to which it happens is exaggerated and the phenomenon is quite unusual.


The superb lyrebird's mimicked calls are learned from the local environment, including from other superb lyrebirds. An instructive example of this is the population of superb lyrebirds in Tasmania, which have retained the calls of species not native to Tasmania in their repertoire, but have also added some local Tasmanian endemic bird noises. It takes young birds about a year to perfect their mimicked repertoire. The female lyrebirds of both species are also mimics, and will sing on occasion but the females do so with less skill than the males. A recording of a superb lyrebird mimicking sounds of an electronic shooting game, workmen and chainsaws was added to the National Film and Sound Archive's Sounds of Australia registry in 2013.


One researcher, Sydney Curtis, has recorded flute-like lyrebird calls in the vicinity of the New England National Park. Similarly, in 1969, a park ranger, Neville Fenton, recorded a lyrebird song which resembled flute sounds in the New England National Park. After much detective work by Fenton, it was discovered that in the 1930s, a flute player living on a farm adjoining the park used to play tunes near his pet lyrebird. The lyrebird adopted the tunes into his repertoire, and retained them after release into the park. Neville Fenton forwarded a tape of his recording to Norman Robinson. Because a lyrebird is able to carry two tunes at the same time, Robinson filtered out one of the tunes and put it on the phonograph for the purposes of analysis. The song represents a modified version of two popular tunes in the 1930s: "The Keel Row" and "Mosquito's Dance". Musicologist David Rothenberg has endorsed this information.

==7. a. Which is Australia's largest bird of prey and what is its wingspan? Can you name another bird with the same wingspan?== 


Wedge-tailed Eagles use the updrafts of thermals or hillslopes to rise effortlessly rarely needing to flap their huge wings. They soar very high in great circles. Wingspan typically is between 182 and 232 cm (6 ft 0 in and 7 ft 7 in) with the verified record being 284 cm (9 ft 4 in). This is similar to the bald eagle.

==7. b. What is different about the vision of birds of prey compared to other birds?== 


The Wedge-tailed Eagle have sophisticated binocular vision which enables them to accurately assess distances and pinpoint their prey. Their eyes also are equipped with bony rings which can squeeze and elongate the eyeball. This has the same effect as a telephoto lens on a camera. It enlarges the image seen by the bird. This is very unusual.

==7. c. What is the fastest bird of prey? At what speed is it known to fly (dive)?== 

According to [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_birds_by_flight_speed this list], the fastest bird of prey is the Peregrine Falcon with a maxium dive speed of 389 km/h or 242 mph! Now that is fast!

==7. d. Name another bird, which is not a bird of prey, known for its fast flying.== 


The [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey-headed_albatross Grey-headed albatross] is a very fast sea bird found in the Southern Ocean.

==8. Which swan is native (not introduced) to Australia?== 

The Black Swan (''Cygnus atratus'') is the only swan endemic to Australia.

[[Image:Cygnus atratus 3591.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:BlackSwan 4311.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Cygnus atratus 8368.jpg|250px]]

==9. Where do the following birds get their name:== 
===a. The Wattle bird?===

Wattlebirds are honeyeaters characterized by their wattles, bare fleshy appendages, usually wrinkled and often brightly coloured, hanging from the cheeks, neck or throat, and presumably serving for display. The exception is the Little Wattlebird, which lacks wattles. A few other types of birds also have wattles, turkeys being the most well known example.

Below, on the left, is the Red Wattlebird (Anthochaera carunculata), with very visible red wattles. On the right is the Little Wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), which, as noted above, lacks wattles. Other wattlebirds include the Yellow Wattlebird and the Western Wattlebird.

[[Image:Anthochaera caruncaluta 3185.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Anthochaera chrysoptera 8415.jpg|250px]]

===b. The Catbird?=== 
The Catbird had a cat like cry.

===c. The Butcher bird?=== 


The butcher birds are insect eaters for the most part, but will also feed on small lizards and other vertebrates. They get their name from their habit of impaling captured prey on a thorn, tree fork, or crevice. This "larder" is used to support the victim while it is being eaten, to store prey for later consumption, or to attract mates. The shrikes are sometimes called butcher birds as well and exhibit similar behaviour.


So the name comes from the fact they essentially butcher their meals.

===d. The Whip bird?=== 
The bird has a long drawn out call - a long note, followed by a "whip crack" (which is the source of the common name) and some follow on notes - is one of the most distinctive sounds of the Australian bush. The call is usually a duet between the male and female, the male producing the long note and whip crack and female the following notes. Calls are most frequent in the early morning, though do occur through the day with small peaks at noon and sunset. Though male calls are consistent across the species range, a high degree of variation in female calls has been reported.

A sound file is available here [http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Psophodes-olivaceus]

The Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus)

[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg|250px]]
[[Image:Psophodes olivaceus 8060.jpg|250px]]

==10. The Greater Frigate Bird (male) has a throat pouch. What colour is it and what is it used for?== 


[[Image:Male_greater_frigate_bird_displaying.jpg|left|200px]] Both sexes have a patch of red skin at the throat that is the gular sac; in male great frigatebirds this is inflated in order to attract a mate. Groups of males sit in bushes and trees and force air into their sac, causing it to inflate over a period of 20 minutes into a startling red balloon. As females fly overhead the males waggle their heads from side to side, shake their wings and call.

==11. Which bird is known as a "Christbird" and why?== 


[[Image:Corroboree_Jacana.jpg|right|200px]] The Jacana is known for walking on water (lilypads and other vegetation actually).

==12. Name the birds used in Australian emblems.== 


{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Area !! Coat of Arms Birds !! Official Bird
|-
| National ||Emu support, with Piping Shrike and Black Swan on shield || Emu
|-
| New South Wales ||No birds || Kookaburra
|-
| Victoria ||No birds || Helmeted Honeyeater
|-
| Queensland || Brolga || Brolga
|-
| Western Australia ||Black Swan || Black Swan
|-
| Tasmania ||none || none
|-
| Australia Capital Territory || Australian black swan, representing Aborigines, and European white mute swan, representing white settlers. || Gang-gang Cockatoo
|-
| Northern Territory ||Wedge-tailed Eagle || Wedge-tailed Eagle
|}

==13. Which bird is famous for its dances?== 


[[Image:Brolga-1-Healesville,-Vic,-3.1.2008_edit.jpg|left|200px]] Brolga (Grus rubicunda), formerly known as the native companion, also called the Australian crane. It is the official bird emblem of the state of Queensland.


Brolgas are well known for their ritualised, intricate mating dances. The performance begins with a bird picking up some grass and tossing it into the air before catching it in its bill. The bird then jumps a metre (yard) into the air with outstretched wings and continues by stretching its neck, bowing, strutting around, calling and bobbing its head up and down. Sometimes just one brolga dances for its mate; often they dance in pairs; and sometimes a whole group of about a dozen dance together, lining up roughly opposite each other before they start. [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCJVmINmtZg Dancing Birds on Youtube]

==14. Besides sitting on their eggs or building a mound, there is one other method by which birds incubate their eggs. What is this method called and name one bird which uses this method.== 


[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brood_parasite Brood parasites] lay their eggs other bird's nest. Most species of Cuckoo's get other birds to do the incubation for them.

==15. How is the cormorant able to dive for food?== 
All 40 species around the world are fish-eaters, dining on small eels, fish, and even water snakes. They dive from the surface, though many species make a characteristic half-jump as they dive, presumably to give themselves a more streamlined entry into the water.


Under water they propel themselves with their feet, though some also propel themselves with their wings. Some cormorant species have been tracked diving to depths of as much as 45 metres.


Basically cormorant have water proof feathers. They go and dry off on shore after fishing.

==16. Australia has a wide variety of native finches. Name 5 including at least one from your state. Describe your favourite and describe where you would go to look for it.== 


This website has a good list to work with in answering this requirement. http://ozanimals.com/wildlife/Bird/Finches.html


To determine where you would look for your favourite consider the geographic area and type of habitat they prefer.

==References== 


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarus_crane
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-necked_stork
http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/species/Ephippiorhynchus-asiaticus
http://www.alicespringsdesertpark.com.au/kids/nature/birds/eagle.shtml
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyrebird
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[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

File:Psophodes olivaceus 8034.jpg

2015-08-04T02:30:55Z

RABaker96: Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus). Image taken at the Melbourne Museum aviary, Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.

== Summary ==
Eastern Whipbird (Psophodes olivaceus). Image taken at the Melbourne Museum aviary, Melbourne, Australia, October 2014.
== Licensing ==
{{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-3.0|migration=redundant}}