Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2008-06-08T08:17:33Z

75.172.58.161:

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses. Red and yellow cedar was also used for totem poles, ceremonial masks, rattles, food containers, bentwood boxes, spoons, spindles, hats, capes, effigies.
;Rush: Mats, skirts, hats, rattles, baskets, temporary dwellings were made from rush (tules).
;Dog & Mountain Sheep hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose, or mountain sheep was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese.
;Buffalo: The inland tribes made tipis, clothing, bags and pouches, clothing, backrests, pictographs, parfletches, drums, rattles, moccasins, buffalo robes, padding out of the hides. Glue, needles & thread out of the sinew. Cooking pots from the stomach, rattles from hooves, brain tanning produces a high quality leather. ==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds. (Soap plant is different from the Yucca and can be used to wash the finest linens and silks.)
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans, and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery and effigies.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment and ceremonies.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint, combined with "glue" was used for pictographs on hides and rawhides.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer precussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer precussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewelery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins. Patterns for moccasins can be found on the Internet, including:
* http://www.jumaka.com/moccasins/MakingMoccasins/MoccasinInstructions.htm

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] honor if you choose to make moccasins, as you will be well on your way to earning this one too.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2008-06-08T07:27:54Z

75.172.58.161: /* 10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses.
;Rush: Mats were made from rush.
;Dog hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese as well as wool from mountain sheep for this purpose.
;Buffalo hides: The inland tribes made tipis out of buffalo hides.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds.
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans, and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer precussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer precussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewelery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone/Vermillion
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Torquoise
# Sinew
# Hooves
# Stomach
# Bladder
# Prickley Pear Cactus
# Red & Yellow Cedar
# Brains,ash,urine
# Corn husks
# Tendons
# Soap plant
# Moss
# Pipestone

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins. Patterns for moccasins can be found on the Internet, including:
* http://www.jumaka.com/moccasins/MakingMoccasins/MoccasinInstructions.htm

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] honor if you choose to make moccasins, as you will be well on your way to earning this one too.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2008-06-08T07:08:20Z

75.172.58.161: /* 9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses.
;Rush: Mats were made from rush.
;Dog hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese as well as wool from mountain sheep for this purpose.
;Buffalo hides: The inland tribes made tipis out of buffalo hides.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds.
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans, and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer precussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer precussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
[[Image:Wampum william penn greaty treaty.jpg|thumb|600px]]
 
'''Wampum''' is a string of white shell beads fashioned from the North Atlantic channeled whelk shell, and was used by Native Americans who regarded it as a sacred or trade representative of the value of the artist's work. Wampum was also used for engagement, marriage, and betrothal agreements, as well as for ceremony and condolence ceremonies.

Shells were also used for jewelery, as weapons, and for decoration of tipis, clothing and objects such as bags, backrests and ownership sticks.

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Leather
# Fur
# Feathers
# Hair
# Antler
# Bone
# Shell
# Wood
# Bark
# Yucca
# Gourd
# Rush
# Stone
# Clay
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Turquoise

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is almost certainly a typo.'''

Native Americans were masters of many crafts which Pathfinders might enjoy learning. One possibility for meeting this requirement is to make a pair of moccasins. Patterns for moccasins can be found on the Internet, including:
* http://www.jumaka.com/moccasins/MakingMoccasins/MoccasinInstructions.htm

Be sure to look into the [[../Leather Craft|Leather Craft]] honor if you choose to make moccasins, as you will be well on your way to earning this one too.

If moccasins do not appeal to you, you could try your hand at beadwork:
* http://www.guidetobeadwork.com/book/index.html
You can also decorate your moccasins with beadwork.

Or perhaps you would enjoy pottery (see the [[../Pottery|Pottery]] honor for details) or some other craft.

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

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