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AY Honors/Native American Lore/Answer Key

2007-09-01T22:34:15Z

74.35.241.149: /* 9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. */

{{honor_header|1|1944|Arts and Crafts General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. Name five uses made of natural materials by the Northwest Indians. ==
;Vermilion: Vermilion was used as a red pigment.
;Cedar: Cedar planks were used for building longhouses.
;Rush: Mats were made from rush.
;Dog hair: Hair from a wooly dog bred by these peoples for this purpose was combined with cedar bark and spun into yarn, which was then woven into blankets. They also used down feathers from ducks and geese as well as wool from mountain sheep for this purpose.
;Buffalo hides: The inland tribes made tipis out of buffalo hides.

==2. Name five uses made of the yucca plant by the Southwest Indians. ==
;Food: The fruit of the yucca were a staple of the southwest diet.
;Cordage: The fibers of the yucca plant were spun into rope. This rope was in turn used for many things including '''sandals''', '''belts''', '''rope ladders''', and '''fishnets'''.
;Paintbrush: The fibers of the yucca were chewed into a fine fringe and used as a paintbrush for decorating pottery.
;Shampoo: The roots of the yucca plant were pounded and whipped into cold water to make suds.
;Basketry: The leaves of the yucca plant were woven into baskets.

==3. Name five uses made of the birch tree by the Eastern Woodland Indians. ==
The bark of the Birch tree, especially the Paper Birch, were used for making the outer covering of their '''canoes'''. Bark was also used for making '''bowls''' and '''tipis'''. The bark contains a resinous oil and peels into papery-thin strips which ignite easily with even the slightest spark, and thus, the bark was also used as '''tinder'''. The wood of the birch contains the same resinous oil, and burns even when wet. It was therefore used as '''firewood'''. Birch bark was also used for making '''torches''' which they used for night fishing.

The bark was also used for brewing a '''wintergreen tea ''' high in vitamin C. '''Fans''' were also manufactured, and were used both for creating a cool breeze and for fanning fires. Birch bark was also used for making '''armguards''' and '''quivers''' for archery, '''rattles''', and for '''wrapping food'''.

==4. Know 15 plant foods introduced to us by the Indians. Include four plant names used today. ==
Squash, corn, and beans were known as the "Three Sisters" by Native Americans. The Three Sisters were the three main indigenous plants used for agriculture. These were usually planted together, with the cornstalk providing support for the climbing beans, and shade for the squash. The squash vines provided ground cover to limit weeds. The beans provided nitrogen fixing for all three crops.

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==5. Describe Indian stalking and tracking. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Stalking and tracking}}

==6. Name five rocks and/or minerals and uses made of them by the Indians. ==
<gallery>
Image:Arrowhead.jpg|Obsidian arrowhead
Image:Chaco Anasazi canteen NPS.jpg|Pottery
Image:Chacoan turquoise pendant.jpg|Turquoise pendant
Image:Chacoan turquoise with argillite.jpg|Turquoise and argillite tiles
</gallery>
# '''Flint''', used for making arrowheads, knives, and other cutting tools.
# '''Obsidian''', used the same way as flint.
# '''Clay''', used for making pottery.
# '''Turquoise''', used for adornment.
# '''Argillite''', used in art.
# '''Vermilion''', used as body paint.
# '''Soapstone''', used for carvings, bowls, cooking slabs, and other objects.
# '''Granite, quartzite, basalt, sandstone, and slate''', used for making hammers, axes, adzes, hoes, bowls, vases, and other items.

==7. Explain one way in which arrowheads were made by the Indians. ==
A '''flintknapper''' is an individual who shapes flint or other stone through the process of knapping or lithic reduction, to manufacture stone tools.

Knapping is done in a variety of ways depending on the purpose of the final product.
For stone tools flint is worked using a fabricator, such as a hammerstone, to remove flakes from a core of tool stone. Stone tools can then be further refined using wood, bone, and antler tools to perform pressure flaking.

There are many different methods of shaping stone into useful tools. The three simplest techniques are mentioned below.

===Hard Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Hard_Hammer.jpg|thumb|left|An example of hard hammer precussion.]]
Hard hammer techniques are used to remove large flakes of stone. Early flintknappers and hobbyists replicating their methods often use cobbles of very hard stone, such as quartzite. This technique can be used by flintknappers to remove broad flakes that can be made into smaller tools.

===Soft Hammer Precussion===
[[Image:Soft_Hammer.jpg|thumb|right|An example of soft hammer precussion]]
Early flintknappers could have used simple hammers made of wood or antler to shape stone tools. Soft hammer techniques are more precise than hard hammer methods of shaping stone. Soft hammer techniques allow a flintknapper to shape a stone into many different kinds of cutting, scraping, and projectile tools.

===Pressure Flaking===
[[Image:Pressure_Flaking.jpg|thumb|left|An example of pressure flaking]]
Pressure flaking involves removing narrow flakes along the edge of a stone tool. This technique is often used to do detailed thinning and shaping of a stone tool. Pressure flaking involves putting a large amount of force across a region on the edge of the tool and (hopefully) causing a narrow flake to come off of the stone. Modern hobbyists often use pressure flaking tools with a copper or brass tip, but early flintknappers could have used antler tines or a pointed wooden punch.
 

==8. Define pictograph. What are Indian petroglyphs and where can you find them? ==
A '''pictograph''' is an image drawn or painted on a rock face. A '''petroglyph''' is an image carved into a rock face. Petroglyphs are found world-wide, and are often (but not always) associated with prehistoric peoples.
<gallery>
Image:Newspaper rock.jpg|Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, southern Utah, USA
image:Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland-750px.jpg|Petroglyphs on a Bishop Tuff tableland, eastern California, USA
image:Pictograph_2_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
image:Pictograph_tds.jpg|Southern Utah, USA
Image:Ute Petroglyphs in Arches National Park.jpg|Arches National Park
Image:Petroglyph in Arizona 2007-01-20.jpg|Arizona, USA
Image:Petroglyphs in the Columbia River Gorge.jpg|Columbia River Gorge, Washington, USA
</gallery>
Sites in North America where petroglyphs can be found include:
* Arches National Park, Utah
* Capitol Reef National Park, Utah
* Death Valley National Park, California
* Dinosaur National Monument, Colorado and Utah
* Columbia Hills State Park, Washington
* The Cove Palisades State Park, Oregon
* Jeffers Petroglyphs, Minnesota
* Kanopolis State Park, Kansas
* Kejimkujik National Park, Nova Scotia
* Lava Beds National Monument, Tule Lake, California
* Leo Petroglyph, Leo, Ohio[http://www.ohiohistory.org/places/leopetro/]
* Newspaper Rock State Historic Monument, Utah
* Mina, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
* Olympic National Park, Washington
* Petit Jean State Park, Arkansas
* Petrified Forest National Park
* Petroglyph National Monument
* Petroglyphs Provincial Park, north of Peterborough, Ontario
* Petroglyph Provincial Park, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada [http://www.britishcolumbia.com/ParksAndTrails/Parks/details/?ID=450]
* Sedona, Arizona
* Sloan Canyon National Conservation Area, Nevada
* South Mountain Park, Arizona
* St John, USVI
* Three Rivers Petroglyphs, New Mexico [http://www.desertusa.com/mag98/mar/poi/du_3rivers.html]
* West Virginia glyphs
* Writing Rock State Historical Site, North Dakota
* Writing-on-Stone Provincial Park, East of Milk River, Alberta
* White Tank Mountain Regional Park, Waddell, Arizona

==9. Describe the use of seashells by the Indians. ==
jewlery, weapons, and decorations for tipis

==10. Name at least ten materials used in making Indian arts and crafts. ==
# Wood
# Stone
# Bone
# Shell
# Leather
# Fur
# Bark
# Clay
# Feathers
# Antler
# Copper
# Gold
# Silver
# Turquoise

==11. Make a craft item, using any of the materials named in requirement ten (10). ==
'''Note: The ''official'' version calls out requirement 9 rather than 10, but this is certainly a typo.'''

==References==
* http://www.oregonpioneers.com/indian.htm
* http://www.nativetech.org/brchbark/index.html
* http://www.desertusa.com/flora.html

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Sculpturing/Answer Key

2007-09-01T22:17:44Z

74.35.241.149: /* 4. From a living model, make a statue "in the round" of the human head, using a sculpturing medium (not necessarily life size). */

{{honor_header|2|1945|Arts and Crafts General Conference 2001 Edition}}
==1. List the tools and materials used in simple sculpturing. ==
==2. Model two or more examples of toy animals, using a sculpture medium. ==
You can use clay, playdoh, or sculpting medium clay.

==3. Make a model of the human hand or foot, using a sculpture medium. ==
the easiest type is a thumb in a good job thumbs up position.

==4. From a living model, make a statue "in the round" of the human head, using a sculpturing medium (not necessarily life size). ==

use a easy clay material to shape up and use tools to do facial details.

AY Honors/Sculpturing/Answer Key

2007-09-01T22:15:15Z

74.35.241.149: /* 3. Make a model of the human hand or foot, using a sculpture medium. */

{{honor_header|2|1945|Arts and Crafts General Conference 2001 Edition}}
==1. List the tools and materials used in simple sculpturing. ==
==2. Model two or more examples of toy animals, using a sculpture medium. ==
You can use clay, playdoh, or sculpting medium clay.

==3. Make a model of the human hand or foot, using a sculpture medium. ==
the easiest type is a thumb in a good job thumbs up position.

==4. From a living model, make a statue "in the round" of the human head, using a sculpturing medium (not necessarily life size). ==

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Sculpturing/Answer Key

2007-09-01T22:13:39Z

74.35.241.149: /* 2. Model two or more examples of toy animals, using a sculpture medium. */

{{honor_header|2|1945|Arts and Crafts General Conference 2001 Edition}}
==1. List the tools and materials used in simple sculpturing. ==
==2. Model two or more examples of toy animals, using a sculpture medium. ==
You can use clay, playdoh, or sculpting medium clay.

==3. Make a model of the human hand or foot, using a sculpture medium. ==
==4. From a living model, make a statue "in the round" of the human head, using a sculpturing medium (not necessarily life size). ==

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Marine Invertebrates/Answer Key

2007-09-01T21:54:18Z

74.35.241.149: /* a. Tunicate (Sea Squirt) */

{{honor_header|2|1956|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}
==1. Be able to identify at least one example of fifteen of the following seashore animals: ==
===a. Tunicate (Sea Squirt) ===
ascidian,colonial tunicate, and compound sea squirt

===b. Anemone (Sea Flower) ===
===c. Chiton ===
===d. Hermit Crab ===
===e. Brittle Star or Serpent Star ===
===f. Sea Urchin ===
===g. Sea Cucumber ===
===h. Bryozoa colony (Moss animal) ===
===i. Barnacle ===
===j. Sea Star ===
===k. Mussel or Clamworm===
===l. Sea Jelly===
===m. Limpet===
===n. Tube Worm===
===o. Oyster===
===p. Amphipod (Sand Flea)===
===q. Sponge===
===r. Sand Dollar===
===s. Coral===
===t. Ghost Crab===
==2. Make a collection or photographs of the following seashore animals: ==
===a. Three kinds of crabs ===
===b. One kind of sea star ===
===c. Any other five animals listed in requirement 1. Hard-bodied animals, such as crabs, sea star, and chitons, may be killed in a 5% solution of formaldehyde or a 70% solution of alcohol, and then dried by a fire. The sun will cause the color to fade. Soft-bodied animals must be kept in a 3% solution of formaldehyde or a 70% solution of alcohol. If commercial formalin is used in place of formaldehyde, the above percentage figures should be doubled. ===
==3. Describe the following processes: ==
===a. The swimming action of a sea jelly ===
===b. The method of an anemone capturing food ===
===c. The running of a crab ===
===d. How does a sea star digest a clam or oyster when it has such a small mouth opening? ===
==4. Name four low-tide animals and two high-tide animals. ==
==5. Answer the following questions on relationships: ==
===a. What relationship do crabs and barnacles have to insects? ===
===b. What relationship does the sea squirt have to man? ===
===c. Name a common land dweller that is related to the clamworm. ===
===d. The octopus belongs to the phylum Mollusca. Which two animals listed in No. 1 are related to the octopus? ===
===e. Sea star, sea cucumber, and sea urchin all belong to the phylum Echinodermata. Why do they belong together? (Clue: Find out what "Echinodermata" means.) ===
==6. Give an oral report on two of the following activities: ==
===a. Visit a seashore at night and by means of a flashlight observe the activity of animals on shore and in the water. Notice the many plants and animals visible when the beam of light is directed into the water. These minute organisms are called plankton.===
===b. Tow a fine-mesh cloth or regular plankton net through the water and observe through a microscope the many tiny animals and plants that are collected. ===
===c. Select three items under #1 that are important economically. Explain why they are important.===
==References==
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key

2007-02-14T14:47:23Z

74.35.241.149: /* 5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found. */

{{honor_header|1|1945|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?==
Living half of their life in water and land. they are vertabrates.

==2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.==

Frogs and Toads Nuets and Salomanders

Anura no tails Cautta
Gymnophiona Muddpuppies
caecillians no limbs

==3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.==

Toads have wortsand fatter,have short legs, dry,and hops.
Frogs are stream lined leg,leaps,lay clumps of eggs.

==4. How do amphibians protect themselves?==
Toads have milky white paratids that are poisinious when a predator trys to eat it. Frogs and salamandors blends in with there surroundings.

==5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.==
The gray tree frog, spring peepers, wood frogs, marsupial frogs ,and leopard frog are all found in New york.

==6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.==
==7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.==
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.

==8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season? ==
==9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.==
==10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?==
==11. Do one of the following:==
===a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.===
====(1) Where and when it sleeps,====
====(2) When it leaves its home for food,====
====(3) How fast it can travel,====
====(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.====
===b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.===
==References==
http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key

2007-02-14T14:45:14Z

74.35.241.149: /* 4. How do amphibians protect themselves? */

{{honor_header|1|1945|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?==
Living half of their life in water and land. they are vertabrates.

==2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.==

Frogs and Toads Nuets and Salomanders

Anura no tails Cautta
Gymnophiona Muddpuppies
caecillians no limbs

==3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.==

Toads have wortsand fatter,have short legs, dry,and hops.
Frogs are stream lined leg,leaps,lay clumps of eggs.

==4. How do amphibians protect themselves?==
Toads have milky white paratids that are poisinious when a predator trys to eat it. Frogs and salamandors blends in with there surroundings.

==5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.==
==6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.==
==7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.==
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.

==8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season? ==
==9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.==
==10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?==
==11. Do one of the following:==
===a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.===
====(1) Where and when it sleeps,====
====(2) When it leaves its home for food,====
====(3) How fast it can travel,====
====(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.====
===b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.===
==References==
http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key

2007-02-14T14:42:57Z

74.35.241.149: /* 3. Distinguish between toads and frogs. */

{{honor_header|1|1945|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?==
Living half of their life in water and land. they are vertabrates.

==2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.==

Frogs and Toads Nuets and Salomanders

Anura no tails Cautta
Gymnophiona Muddpuppies
caecillians no limbs

==3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.==

Toads have wortsand fatter,have short legs, dry,and hops.
Frogs are stream lined leg,leaps,lay clumps of eggs.

==4. How do amphibians protect themselves?==
==5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.==
==6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.==
==7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.==
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.

==8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season? ==
==9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.==
==10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?==
==11. Do one of the following:==
===a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.===
====(1) Where and when it sleeps,====
====(2) When it leaves its home for food,====
====(3) How fast it can travel,====
====(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.====
===b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.===
==References==
http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key

2007-02-14T14:37:22Z

74.35.241.149: /* 2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them. */

{{honor_header|1|1945|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?==
Living half of their life in water and land. they are vertabrates.

==2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.==

Frogs and Toads Nuets and Salomanders

Anura no tails Cautta
Gymnophiona Muddpuppies
caecillians no limbs

==3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.==
==4. How do amphibians protect themselves?==
==5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.==
==6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.==
==7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.==
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.

==8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season? ==
==9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.==
==10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?==
==11. Do one of the following:==
===a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.===
====(1) Where and when it sleeps,====
====(2) When it leaves its home for food,====
====(3) How fast it can travel,====
====(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.====
===b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.===
==References==
http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Amphibians/Answer Key

2007-02-14T14:32:22Z

74.35.241.149: /* 1. What are the characteristics of amphibians? */

{{honor_header|1|1945|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are the characteristics of amphibians?==
Living half of their life in water and land. they are vertabrates.

==2. Name the two main orders of amphibia and tell how to distinguish between them.==
==3. Distinguish between toads and frogs.==
==4. How do amphibians protect themselves?==
==5. Make a list of amphibians that should be found in your locality. Identify five and tell where you found them. OR Collect pictures or sketch five different amphibians which you can identify and tell where they are found.==
==6. Describe the life history of some amphibian.==
==7. Explain the economic value of amphibians.==
Amphibians are insect eaters, so they are very valuable for controlling mosquito populations. They are also the preferred dinner for several mammal, bird, fish, and reptile species.

Amphibians are valuable for medical research. They are raised and sold to research institutions.

The larvae of newts and salamanders are sold as fish bait.

Amphibians are closely monitored by ecologists, because they are among the first animals affected by environmental problems such as pollution and the destruction of the ozonelayer.

==8. Where do toads spend the winter or dry season? ==
==9. Identify two species of frogs by their sound or imitate the sounds of two different species of frogs.==
==10. How do frogs and toads sing? What makes the noise so loud?==
==11. Do one of the following:==
===a. Observe a toad in your yard or neighborhood to find out.===
====(1) Where and when it sleeps,====
====(2) When it leaves its home for food,====
====(3) How fast it can travel,====
====(4) How far it can jump, and as many other interesting things as you can find out about it, and write an essay covering the details requested in the first section of this question.====
===b. Hatch some amphibian eggs and watch them through their growth cycle and write an essay covering the details.===
==References==
http://www.wnrmag.com/stories/1996/apr96/frog.htm

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]