Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Dogs/Answer Key

2009-10-04T03:04:21Z

69.73.200.223: /* Beagle */

{{honor_header|1|1950|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Naturalist|Core}}
{{AY Master|Zoology|Options}}

==1. Give the scientific name of the dog family.==
The scientific name of the dog family is ''Canidae'' or ''Canine''.

==2. Name five distinctive characteristics of the dog family.==
# Canines have 42 teeth.
# They walk on their toes.
# They have four claws on their hind feet, and five on the front.
# They have two coats - an outer coat of coarse hair, and an inner coat of fine hair.
# They have a keen sense of smell.
# They have excellent hearing due to ear flaps called ''leathers''.
# They can see colors but not as clearly as we can

==3. Identify from pictures or personal observation five wild members of the dog family.==
We present here several species of fox, but as the instructor, you should feel free to present them as one "member." This is also true of the jackal.

=== Gray Fox===
{{Species id
| latin_name =Urocyon cinereoargenteus
| common_name = Gray Fox
| image = Zoo América-2874f-Urocyon cinereoargenteus.jpg
| description = The gray fox is small and has a pepper brown back, tawny sides, neck and legs, a white belly, and a black stripe along its back and tail. Another black stripe crosses its face from the nose to the eye and continuing to the side of the head. Standing about 12-16 inches at the shoulders, weighing up to 16 pounds and having an overall body length of up to 47 inches, the gray fox is an agile canid able to scurry up and down trees with relative ease.
}}

===Arctic Fox ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Alopex lagopus
| common_name = Arctic Fox
| image = Polarfuchs 1 2004-11-17.jpg
| description = The Arctic fox, also known as the polar fox, is a small fox native to cold Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Arctic foxes will eat pretty much anything. Their prey includes voles, lemmings, hares, ground squirrels, and bird eggs. Foxes living on the coast also eat shellfish, sea urchins, dead seals and fish, beached whales, and nesting seabirds. In winter when food is scarce, they may follow a polar bear and after the bear makes a kill, eats and leaves, they will steal what ever scraps of meat are left. In winter, their light coat protects them from predators, esp. polar bears, by blending in to the white snow.
}}
===Pale Fox ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Vulpes pallida
| common_name = Pale Fox
| image =
| description = The Pale Fox is a species of fox which inhabits the Sahel from Senegal in the west to Sudan in the east. It is widespread throughout the Sahel but its environmental status is described as "data deficient" due to lack of intensified study of the pale fox in the wild. The pale fox is long-bodied with relatively short legs and a narrow muzzle. Its ears are long and rounded at the tip. Its tail is bushy and black-tipped. The upperpart of its body has a pale sandy color, while the underpart is whitish. A dark ring surrounds the fox's eyes.
}}
===Cape Fox ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Vulpes chama
| common_name = Cape Fox
| image = Kapfuchs-nachwuchs.jpg
| description = The Cape Fox has black or silver gray fur with flanks and underside in light yellow. The tip of its tail is always black. The Cape Fox is found in Southern Africa from Zimbabwe to Angola. It prefers the open savanna and semi-arid regions in southwestern Africa, from Southern Zimbabwe to the Cape province.
}}
===Red Fox ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Vulpes vulpes
| common_name = Red Fox
| image = Vulpes vulpes sitting.jpg
| description =The Red Fox is the most familiar of the foxes. In Britain and Ireland, where there are no longer any other native wild canids, it is referred to simply as the "Fox". It has the widest range not just of any fox but of any terrestrial carnivore. As its name suggests, its fur is predominantly reddish-brown
}}
===Gray Wolf ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Canis lupus
| common_name = Gray Wolf
| image = Canis lupus laying in grass.jpg
| description = The Gray Wolf, also known as Timber Wolf or Wolf, shares a common ancestry with the domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris), as evidenced by DNA sequencing and genetic drift studies. Gray wolves were once abundant and distributed over much of North America, Eurasia, and the Middle East. Today, for a variety of human-related reasons including widespread habitat destruction and excessive hunting, wolves inhabit only a very limited portion of their former range. Though listed as a species of least concern for extinction worldwide, for some regions including the Continental United States, the species is listed as endangered or threatened.
}}
===Coyote ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Canis latrans
| common_name = Coyote
| image = Canis latrans.jpg
| description = Coyotes are native to North America and are found from Alaska, U.S. to as far south as Panama. European explorers first encountered these canines during their travels in the American Southwest. They may occasionally assemble in small packs, but naturally hunt alone. Coyotes live an average of about 6 to 10 years.
}}
===Dingo ===
{{Species id
| latin_name =Canis lupus dingo
| common_name = Dingo
| image = Dingo3.jpg
| description = The dingo is a type of wild dog, probably descended from the Indian Wolf (Canis lupus pallipes). It is commonly described as an Australian wild dog, but is not restricted to Australia. Modern dingoes are found throughout Southeast Asia, mostly in small pockets of remaining natural forest, and in mainland Australia, particularly in the north.
}}

===Golden Jackal ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Canis aureus
| common_name = Golden Jackal
| image = Golden Jackal sa02.jpg
| description = The Golden Jackal has golden reddish-yellow fur with a white mark on the throat, but the color can vary with age, region and season; in winter the coat darkens. Typical body length is 70-85 cm and height is 40 cm. It can weigh as little as 8 kg and much as 10 kg. Males tend to be larger than the females.
}}
===Side-striped Jackal ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Canis adustus
| common_name = Side-striped Jackal
| image = Canis adustus - Brehm.jpg
| description = Side-striped jackal is a greyish brown to tan with a white stripe from the front legs to the hips and has a dark tail that has a white tip. Side-striped jackal can weigh from 14 to 30 lb. Males tend to be larger than the females. They are social within small family groups, communciating via yips, "screams" and a soft owl like hooting call. They are nocturnal, and rarely active during the day.
}}

===Black-backed Jackal ===
{{Species id
| latin_name = Canis mesomelas
| common_name = Black-backed Jackal
| image = Canis mesomelas.jpg
| description = The Black-backed jackal (Canis mesomelas) is an African canine with a fox-like appearance, tan fur, and a thick stripe of black and silver running down its back. They weigh anywhere from 15 to 30 pounds and are 15 to 30 centimeters at the shoulder. Males are usually larger than females.
}}

==4. Identify from pictures or personal observation 25 different breeds of dogs.==
Several dog breeds are presented here, but this is by no means an exhaustive list. No toy dog breeds are presented here as they can be found in requirement 9.

===Afghan Hound===
{{Breed id
| name = Afghan Hound
| image = Afghan Hound.jpg
| description = The Afghan Hound is a very old sighthound dog breed. Distinguished by its thick, fine, silky coat and its tail with a ring curl at the end, the breed acquired its unique features in the cold mountains of Afghanistan, where it was originally used to hunt wolves, foxes, and gazelles.
}}
===German Shepherd ===
{{Breed id
| name = German Shepherd
| image = GermanShep1 wb.jpg
| description = German Shepherds (or Alsatians) are highly intelligent, agile and well-suited to active working environments. They are often deployed in various roles such as police work, guarding, Search and Rescue, Therapy and in the military. They can also be found working as guide dogs for the blind. Despite their suitability for such work, German Shepherds can also make loyal and loving pets inside the home. They enjoy being around people and other animals.
}}

===Golden Retriever ===
{{Breed id
| name = Golden Retriever
| image = Golden retriever.jpg
| description = The Golden Retriever is a popular breed of dog, originally developed to retrieve downed fowl during hunting. It is one of the most common family dogs as it is easy to handle, very tolerant and normally very happy and friendly. They are a low-maintenance dog and thrive on attention, regular exercise, a balanced diet, and regular veterinary check-ups. Golden Retrievers are usually compatible with all people and other dogs. And they are also very smart dogs. Love playing around and having someone there with them.
}}

=== Siberian Husky===
{{Breed id
| name = Siberian Husky
| image = Husky L.jpg
| description = The Siberian Husky is a working dog breed that originated in eastern Siberia. The Siberian Husky is a medium-sized dog. Siberian Huskies are a resilient breed; known for their ability to thrive in the arctic cold, they can work and live in temperatures as low as negative 75 degrees Fahrenheit (-60ºC). They were originally bred by the Chukchi tribes for use as a village dog to accomplish such tasks as pulling sleds.
}}

===Beagle ===
{{Breed id
| name = Beagle
| image = Beagle 600.jpg
| description = A Beagle is a medium-sized dog breed and a member of the hound group, similar in appearance to a Foxhound but smaller with shorter legs, and with longer, softer ears. Beagles are scent hounds used primarily for tracking deer, bear, and other game. They are a loyal breed and most often very well tempered. Beagles love exercise and being around people.
}}Famous Beagles are like Under dog.

===Border Collie ===
{{Breed id
| name = Border Collie
| image = Border Collie 600.jpg
| description = The Border Collie is a hard-working breed of herding dog that originated in the border country of England and Scotland. They are regarded by many as the most intelligent dog breed. Like most working dogs, Border Collies are highly energetic, and as a result have a tendency towards neurotic or destructive behavior if not given enough to do. They are still frequently used on farms all over the world for assisting with the handling of livestock. Though known to be reserved with strangers, these dogs can also be protective of a human family member and affectionate to those they know.
}}

=== Rough Collie===
{{Breed id
| name = Rough Collie
| image =Rough Collie 600.jpg
| description = The Rough Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding in Scotland. It is well known because of the works of author Albert Payson Terhune, and was popularized in later generations by the Lassie novel, movies, and television shows.
}}

===Smooth Collie ===
{{Breed id
| name = Smooth Collie
| image =Smooth Collie 600.jpg
| description = The Smooth Collie is a breed of dog developed originally for herding. It is a short-coated version of the Rough Collie of Lassie fame. Some breed organizations consider the smooth-coat and rough-coat dogs to be variations of the same breed.
}}

=== Boxer===
{{Breed id
| name = Boxer
| image =Boxer.jpg
| description = Boxers are a breed of stocky, medium-sized, short-haired dog with a smooth fawn or brindled coat and square-jawed muzzle. Boxers have very strong jaws and a powerful bite. The character of the Boxer is of the greatest importance and demands the most careful attention. He is renowned for his great love and faithfulness to his master and household, his alertness, and fearless courage as a defender and protector. The Boxer is docile but distrustful of strangers. He is bright and friendly in play but brave and determined when roused. His intelligence and willing tractability, his modesty, and cleanliness make him a highly desirable family dog and cheerful companion.
}}

=== Bulldog===
{{Breed id
| name = Bulldog
| image =Bulldog standing.JPG
| description = The bulldog is a relatively small but stocky breed, with a compact body and short, sturdy limbs. Its shape results in a waddle-like gait. Bulldogs are known for their short muzzles and the saggy skin on their faces, creating the apparent "frown" that has become a trademark of the breed. Bulldogs come in a variety of colors and ideally have a smooth, short coat.
}}

===Dalmatian ===
{{Breed id
| name = Dalmatian
| image =Dalmatiner schw braun.jpg
| description = The Dalmatian is a breed of dog, noted for its white coat with either black or liver spots. Today the Dalmatian serves as a fire house mascot, but back in the days of horse-drawn fire carts, they provided a valuable service. Dalmatians and horses are very compatible, so the dogs were easily trained to run in front of the engines to help clear a path and quickly guide the horses and firefighters to the fires and sometimes used as rescue dogs to locate victims in burning structures.
}}

{{Breed id
| name = Saluki
| image =Saluki 600.jpg
| description = The Saluki is a breed of dog that is a member of the sighthound family, that is, hounds that hunt by sight rather than scent. The Saluki is one of the oldest dog breeds known, and originally came from the Middle East, where it was used (and is still used to some extent) by the Bedouins for hunting hare and gazelle.
}}

===Saint Bernard ===
{{Breed id
| name = Saint Bernard
| image = Benedykt 2.jpg
| description = The St. Bernard Dog is a large breed of dog originally bred for rescue and as a working dog. A full-grown male can weigh between 150 and 220 lb (68 and 100 kg). The Saint Bernard is known for its loyalty and vigilance and is tolerant of both children and animals. Because of these traits, it has become a family dog. They also make good watchdogs, as their size can be intimidating to strangers, though their temperament is gentle.
}}

=== Great Dane===
{{Breed id
| name =Great Dane
| image = Oola - 6 months.jpg
| description = The Great Dane's large and imposing appearance belies its friendly nature; the breed is often referred to as a gentle giant. Great Danes are generally well-disposed toward other dogs, other non-canine pets, wild animals, and humans (including strangers and children). However, some Great Danes have dominance issues, are aggressive with other dogs of the same sex, or chase small animals.
}}

===Basenji ===
{{Breed id
| name = Basenji
| image =Basenji 600.jpg
| description = The Basenji is a breed of hunting dog that originates in central Africa. It is considered by some, particularly in North America, to be a member of the sighthound family. The Basenji produces an unusual yodel-like sound, due to its unusually shaped larynx. Although Basenjis do not bark per se, they can mimic sounds, and thus are able to mimic barks if raised among barking dogs. In behavior and temperament they have some traits in common with cats.
}}

===Bernese Mountain dog===
{{Breed id
| name = Bernese Mountain dog
| image =Berner sennhund.jpg
| description = The “Berner” is instantly recognized by its distinctive tricolor pattern: body, neck, legs, head and ears black; cheeks, stockings and eyespots rich tan, toes, chest, muzzle, tail tip and blaze between the eyes white. The pattern is rigid and varies only slightly in the amount of white. The eyes are an expressive dark brown.
}}

===Borzoi===
{{Breed id
| name = Borzoi
| image =Bathsheba.jpg
| description = The Borzoi is a breed of dog also called the Russian Wolfhound. They have medium-length, slightly curly hair and are similar in shape to Greyhounds. They are a member of the sighthound family. Borzoi can come in any color or color combination. As a general approximation, "long haired greyhound" is a useful description.
}}

===Whippet ===
{{Breed id
| name = Whippet
| image =WhippetWhiteSaddled wb.jpg
| description = Whippets are generally quiet and gentle dogs, content to spend much of the day sleeping. They are not generally aggressive towards other animals, and although especially attached to their owners, they are friendly to visitors. They are not prone to snapping, so they are good with young children. Because of their friendly nature they have often been known to be used in aged care facilities.
}}

===Australian Shepherd===
{{Breed id
| name = Australian Shepherd
| image = Australian Shepherd 600.jpg
| description = The Australian Shepherd is a working dog that was developed in the United States in the 19th century. The dog, commonly known as an Aussie, is popular in its native California and is growing in popularity in countries across the world. Contrary to its name, the breed did not originate in Australia. Like all working breeds, the Aussie has considerable energy and drive and usually needs a job to do. It often excels at dog sports such as frisbee and dog agility.
}}

===Hungarian Vizsla ===
{{Breed id
| name = Hungarian Vizsla
| image = Vizsla.jpg
| description = The Hungarian Vizsla, pronounced VEEZH-la (zh as in vision), is a dog breed originating in Hungary. Vizslas are known as excellent hunting dogs, and also have a level personality making them suited for families.
}}

===Dachshund ===
{{Breed id
| name = Dachshund
| image = Standart Dachsund.jpg
| description = The dachshund is a short-legged, elongated dog breed of the hound family. The breed was developed to scent, chase, and hunt badgers and other hole-dwelling animals. Due to the long, narrow build, they are sometimes referred to in the United States and elsewhere as a wiener dog, hot dog, or sausage dog, though such terms are sometimes considered disparaging.
}}

===Greyhound ===
{{Breed id
| name = Greyhound
| image =Greyhound brindle standing.jpg
| description = The Greyhound is a breed of dog used for companionship, coursing game and racing. It is commonly thought to be the third fastest land mammal, next to the pronghorn antelope and the cheetah; a combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest and aerodynamic build allows it to reach speeds of up to 72 km/h (45 mph), in less than one and a half seconds, or within 5-6 strides. However, the Pronghorn Antelope is quite a bit faster than the Greyhound.
}}

===Harrier ===
{{Breed id
| name = Harrier
| image =Harrier (dog).jpg
| description = The Harrier is a small dog breed of the hound class, used for hunting rabbits ("hares"). It resembles a foxhound but is smaller. A humorous, yet fairly accurate short-hand description of a Harrier is that of "a Beagle on steroids." It is a muscular hunting hound with a short, hard coat. It has large bones for stamina and strength.
}}

===Labrador Retriever ===
{{Breed id
| name = Labrador Retriever
| image = Afra 005.jpg
| description = The Labrador Retriever ("Labrador" or "Lab" for short), is one of several kinds of retriever, and is the most popular breed of dog (by registered ownership) in both the United States and the United Kingdom. The breed is exceptionally friendly, intelligent, energetic and good natured, making them excellent companions and working dogs. Labrador Retrievers respond well to praise and positive attention. They are also well known as enjoying water, since historically, they were selectively bred for retrieving in water environments as 'gun dogs' and as companions in waterfowl hunting.
}}

==5. Name five contributions the dog family has made to man.==
* Companion animals.
* Seeing-eye dogs help the blind gain independence.
* Watchdogs protect property (and their owners).
* Hunting dogs help retrieve and flush out game.
* Sled dogs are used as transportation.
* Dogs herd cattle, sheep and other livestock.
* They can be used to follow a scent trail, whether to catch a criminal or find a missing person.
* They can detect explosives.
* They are used to search through earthquake rubble for victims.

==6. Give the name of the smallest and largest breed of dog.==
The smallest breed of dog is the '''Chihuahua'''. Many breeds can claim to be the "largest" depending on how "largest" is defined. The tallest is the '''Irish Wolfhound''', but it is outweighed by the Mastiff, the Great Dane, and the Saint Bernard. The heaviest of these is the '''Saint Bernard'''.

==7. Write or describe orally the value to man of the following dogs:==
===a. Seeing-eye===
Seeing-eye dogs, or ''guide dogs'' are assistance dogs trained to lead blind or visually impaired people around obstacles. The human half of the guide dog team does the directing, based upon skills acquired through previous mobility training. The handler might be likened to an aircraft's navigator, who must know how to get from one place to another, and the dog is the pilot, who gets them there safely.

Despite regulations or rules that deny access to animals in restaurants and other public places, in many countries, guide dogs and other types of assistance dogs are protected by law, and therefore may accompany their handlers most places that are open to the public.

===b. Saint Bernard===
The ancestors of the St. Bernard are the herding dogs of Swiss farmers as well as hunting dogs and watchdogs. Their history has also been connected with the hospice at the Great St. Bernard Pass.

The most famous Saint Bernard to save people at the pass was Barry, who reportedly saved somewhere between 40 and 100 lives. There is a monument to Barry in the Cimetière des Chiens, and his body was preserved in the Natural History Museum in Berne, Switzerland.

The classic St. Bernard looked very different from the St. Bernard of today, but an avalanche killed off many of the dogs used for breeding. Breeders crossed the remaining dogs with other dogs, but in the process they lost much of their use as rescue dogs.

===c. Shepherd===
A shepherd dog is a type of domestic dog whose original purpose was to herd or guard sheep, though they have been used for other types of livestock as well. A herding dog will keep a herd or flock of animals together and help a farmer direct them from one place to another (such as from a sheep fold to a pasture). They will also guard livestock from predators.
===d. Collie===
Collies are a type of shepherd dog. Some say the Border Collie is the most intelligent breed of dog.
===e. Eskimo===
The Eskimo Dog, otherwise known as the ''Qimmiq'' (Inuit for "dog"), or what is considered to be the more culturally sensitive ''Canadian Inuit Dog'', is a larger breed of Arctic dog commonly found pulling sleds for their Inuit counterparts. However, as snowmobiles tend to be faster and more efficient, the Eskimo Dog is now a rare breed.

==8. Write or tell what special contribution dogs have made to man in wartime.==
Dogs have been used by the military since ancient times. They have been used:
* To sniff out landmines
* To carry messages
* As sentries
* As scouts to detect booby-traps
* As attack dogs in battle

==9. Identify from pictures or personal observation five dogs that are classed as "toy" dogs.==
{{Breed id
| name = Pomeranian
| image = Pomeranian orange sable 600.jpg
| description =The head of the Pomeranian is wedge-shaped, making it somewhat foxy in appearance. The ears are small and set high. Its tail is characteristic of the breed and should be turned over the back and carried flat, set high. The Pomeranian is a very active dog who is intelligent, courageous, and a loyal companion. But due to its small size can suffer abuse from children. Beneath the Pomeranian's fur is a small but muscular dog, similar to a Chihuahua.
}}

{{Breed id
| name = Chihuahua
| image = WhiteTanChihuahua.jpg
| description =Chihuahuas are best known for their large eyes; small size; and large, erect ears. Chihuahuas are prized for their devotion, ferocity and personality. Their curious nature and small size make them easily adaptable to a variety of environments, including the city and small apartments. Chihuahuas are often stereotyped as high-strung, though it has been shown that correct training and socialization can result in an outstanding companion animal.
}}

{{Breed id
| name = Toy Poodle
| image = Pudel toy 72.jpg
| description = Poodles are intelligent, alert, and active. Arguably one of the most intelligent breeds, their aptitude has made them ideal for performing in circuses across the globe for centuries. Because they are so intelligent, they can become bored easily, and can get quite creative about finding mischief.
}}

{{Breed id
| name = Maltese
| image = MetropolitanMalteseRescue.jpg
| description = The Maltese is covered from head to foot with a mantle of long, silky, white hair. Adult Maltese range from roughly 3 to 10 lb (1.4 to 4.5 kg)
}}

{{Breed id
| name = Yorkshire terrier
| image = JorkshireNamedNika.png
| description = This long-haired terrier is known for its playful demeanor and distinctive blue and tan coat. Yorkies can be very small, usually weighing between 5 and 7 pounds (2.5 to 3.5 kilograms). In fact, the smallest dog in the world was a Yorkshire Terrier. It was no bigger than a match box.
}}

==10. What is the only dog that has a wholly blue or black tongue?==
The '''Chow chow'''.

==11. Which is the fastest-running dog?==
The matter of which dog breed is the fastest is a matter of dispute. Some say the '''Saluki''', and others say the '''Greyhound'''.

==12. Which member of the "toy" dogs has become the most popular?==
The '''Yorkshire Terrier '''<ref name=popular_toy_dog>http://www.dog-breed-facts.com/articles/Groups-toy-dog-breeds.html</ref> is currently the most popular breed of toy dog, and the third most popular dog breed overall (nearly overtaking the Golden Retriever for second place in 2005).

==13. What dog has been especially helpful in tracking criminals?==
The '''Bloodhound''' has been used extensively to track the scent not only of criminals, but also of lost children and even adults suffering from dementia.

==14. Write or tell a dog story.==
As the instructor it will be up to you to moderate the story-telling event, or to encourage the Pathfinders to write their essays. The more extroverted Pathfinders in your group may prefer to tell the stories, while the introverted ones may prefer to write theirs. Allow each Pathfinder to choose which method they will use.

==References==
* http://www.pathfindersonline.org/pdf/resources/honor_dogs_answers.pdf
* Wikipedia articles were borrowed for virtually every dog breed and canine species listed here. Also, the article on [[w:War dog|War dogs]] was consulted, but the material was summarized rather than copied verbatim.
==Notes==
<references/>

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Mammals/Answer Key

2009-10-04T02:31:39Z

69.73.200.223: /* j. Cetacea */

{{honor_header|1|1937|Nature|General Conference}}
{{AY Master|Naturalist|Options}}
{{AY Master|Zoology|Core}}
==1. What Bible verse gives the day mammals were created?==

Genesis 1:24,25, 31
{{Bible verse
|book = Genesis
|chapter = 1
|verse = 24-31
| text = 
24And God said, "Let the land produce living creatures according to their kinds: livestock, creatures that move along the ground, and wild animals, each according to its kind." And it was so.

25God made the wild animals according to their kinds, the livestock according to their kinds, and all the creatures that move along the ground according to their kinds. And God saw that it was good.

26Then God said, "Let us make man in our image, in our likeness, and let them rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air, over the livestock, over all the earth, and over all the creatures that move along the ground."

27So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them.

28God blessed them and said to them, "Be fruitful and increase in number; fill the earth and subdue it. Rule over the fish of the sea and the birds of the air and over every living creature that moves on the ground."

29Then God said, "I give you every seed-bearing plant on the face of the whole earth and every tree that has fruit with seed in it. They will be yours for food.

30And to all the beasts of the earth and all the birds of the air and all the creatures that move on the ground—everything that has the breath of life in it—I give every green plant for food." And it was so.

31God saw all that he had made, and it was very good. And there was evening, and there was morning—the sixth day.
}}

==2. List four characteristics of a mammal. ==

::1. Endothermic (Warm-blooded)

::2. Hair or Fur

::3. Mammary (milk producing) glands

::4. Sebaceous (fat-secreting) glands

::5. Heterodont Dentition (Different shapes of teeth in their mouths)

==3. Give one or more identifying characteristics of each of the following orders of mammals, and name one or more species of mammals found in each order:==
===a. Marsupialia===

Marsupials have a pouch that protects the young as they are developing. The infant is born at very early stage of development and crawls out of the womb and across the mothers belly to the pouch where the baby finds a nipple that it attaches to as it continues to grow.

{| border ="0"
|-
| [[Image:Kangaroo and joey03.jpg|thumb|250px|''Macropus giganteus'' (Eastern Grey Kangaroo)]]
| [[Image:Koala climbing tree.jpg|thumb|180px|''Phascolarctos cinereus'' (Koala)]] [[Image:AwesomePossum-AmericanOpossum.jpg|thumb|180px|''Didelphis virginiana'' (Virginia Opossum)]]
|[[Image:Tasdevil large.jpg|thumb|180px|''Sarcophilus harrisii'' (Tasmanian Devil)]] [[Image:SpottedQuoll_2005_SeanMcClean.jpg|thumb|180px|''Dasyurus maculatus'' (Tiger Quoll)]]
|-
|}

===b. Insectivora===

Insectivora means literally insect eater and that is the main connecting feature of the animals in this order. Many of the animals that were once a part of this order have been moved to other orders based on DNA analysis. The order Insectivora has been replaced by the orders Erinaceomorpha and Soricomorpha.

{| border ="0"
|-
| [[Image:Igel.JPG|thumb|300px|''Erinaceus europaeus'' (European Hedgehog)]]
| [[Image:Southern short-tailed shrew.jpg|thumb|300px|Blarina carolinensis (Southern Short-tailed Shrew)]]
|
|-
|}

===c. Chiroptera===

:The order of flying mammals commonly called "bats".

Bats are mammals. Though sometimes called "flying rodents", "flying mice," or even mistaken for invertebrate bugs and birds, bats are neither rodents nor arthropods.
There are two suborders of bats:
# Megabat Megachiroptera (megabats)
# Microbat Microchiroptera (microbats/echolocating bats)

Despite the name, not all megabats are larger than microbats. The major distinction between the two suborders is based on other factors:
* Microbats use Animal echolocation, whereas megabats do not (except for ''Rousettus'' and relatives, which do).

* Microbats lack the claw at the second toe of the forelimb.
* The ears of microbats do not form a closed ring, but the edges are separated from each other at the base of the ear.
* Microbats lack underfur; they have only guard hairs or are naked.

Megabats eat fruit, nectar or pollen while microbats eat insects, blood (small quantities of blood of animals), small mammals, and fish, relying on animal echolocation for navigation and finding prey.

{| border ="0"
|-
| [[Image:Big-eared-townsend-fledermaus.jpg|thumb|240px|''Corynorhinus townsendii'' (Townsends's Big-eared Bat) ]] [[Image:Pipistrellus pipistrellus01.jpg|thumb|''Pipistrellus pipistrellus'' (Common Pipistrelle)]]
| [[Image:Golden crowned fruit bat.jpg|thumb|300px|''Acerodon jubatus'' (Giant golden-crowned flying fox)]]
| [[Image:Vespertilio murinus 2.jpg|thumb|250px|''Vespertilio murinus'' (Parti-coloured bat)]]
|-
|}

===d. Carnivora ===

Carnivora are meat eaters, and have canine teeth that are especially adapted for this behavior. They tend to have good eye sight, a good sense of smell and a well developed brain, all working together to improve their hunting ability.

The order carnivora is not the only order that has carnivores or hunters. Many other orders have creatures that hunt their prey. For example marsupialia contains the ''Sarcophilus harrisii'' (Tasmanian Devil) and the now extinct ''Thylacinus cynocephalus'' (Tasmanian wolf). Insectivora species hunt, but they primarily hunt and eat insects or worms. Bats hunt insects, and the Vampire bat stalks many mammals to drink blood as they sleep.

It should also be said that there are a number of species included in the order carnivora that are not carnivores. ''Ailurus''s (Pandas) are a good example as they primarily eat bamboo, using their canines to rip the hard bamboo apart. Many or the ursas (bears) will have a diet higher in berries than meat.

The skull of carnivora often has a ridge that runs along the top from front to back. This ridge is where the powerful muscles that work the jaw is attached to provide the maximum force. The Panthera leo (lion) has a jaw force of {{H:title|397.4 pounds force|1768N}}, Pathera tigris (Tiger) {{H:title|342.8 pounds force|1525N}}, Ursus Arctos (Brown Bear) {{H:title|169 pounds force|751N}}, and the Canis lupus (gray wolf) {{H:title|133 pounds force|593N}}. Because the canine teeth are so sharp in carnivora, these forces can result in enough pressure to break bones.

{| border ="0"
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|[[Image:Fossa.jpg|thumb|180px|''Cryptoprocta ferox'' (Fossa)]] [[Image:Panthera_tigris_tigris_edited2.jpg|thumb|180px|''Panthera tigris'' (Tiger)]] [[Image:Dwarf_mongoose_Korkeasaari_zoo.jpg|thumb|180px| ''Helogale parvula'' (Dwarf Mongoose)]] 
[[Image:Noaa-walrus22.jpg|thumb|180px|''Odobenus rosmarus divergens'' (Pacific Walrus)]]
| [[Image:Spotted_hyena2.jpg|thumb|212px|''Crocuta crocuta'' (Spotted Hyena)]] [[Image:Canis_lupus_laying.jpg|thumb|205px|''Canis lupus'' (Gray Wolf)]] [[Image:Sealion052006.JPG|thumb|212px|''Zalophus californianus'' (California Sea Lion)]]
| [[Image:Ailurus_fulgens_RoterPanda_LesserPanda.jpg|250px|thumb|''Ailurus fulgens'' (Red Panda)]] [[Image:Procyon_lotor_2.jpg|220px|thumb|''Procyon lotor'' (Racoon)]] [[Image:Grizzlybears_ChrisServheenUSFWS.jpg|220px|thumb|''Ursus horribilis'' (Grizzly Bear)]]
|-
|}

===e. Pinnipedia===

This is no longer considered an order in its own right. Rather, it is now considered a superfamily of Carnivora

===f. Rodentia===
Rodents have two incisors in the upper as well as in the lower jaw which grow continuously and must be kept worn down by gnawing; this is the origin of the name, from the Latin rodere, to gnaw, and dens, dentis, tooth. These teeth are used for cutting wood, biting through the skin of fruit, or for defense. The teeth have enamel on the outside and exposed dentine on the inside, so they self-sharpen during gnawing. Rodents lack canines, and have a space between their incisors and premolars. Nearly all rodents feed on plants, seeds in particular, but there are a few exceptions which eat insects or even fish.

{| border ="0"
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| [[Image:Aplodontia.jpg|250px|thumb|''Aplodontia rufa'' (Mountain Beaver)]] [[Image:Eastern_Grey_Squirrel_in_St_James%27s_Park%2C_London_-_Nov_2006_edit.jpg|200px|thumb|''Sciurus carolinensis'' (Eastern Gray Squirrel)]] [[Image:Beaver.jpg|200px|thumb|''Castor canadensis'' (American Beaver)]] [[Image:Nacktmull.jpg|200px|thumb|Heterocephalus glaber (Naked Mole Rat)]]
| [[Image:Kangaroo-rat.jpg|200px|thumb|Kangaroo rats]] [[Image:Pocket_gopher.jpg|200px|thumb|Pocket Gopher]] [[Image:Rattus_rattus05.jpg|200px|thumb|Rattus rattus (Black rat)]] [[Image:Hydrochaeris_hydrochaeris.jpg|250px|thumb|''Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris'' (capybara)]]
| [[Image:Gundi_Ctenodactylus_gundi_051117_2.jpg|200px|thumb|Gundi]] [[Image:Brush_tailed_porcupine_Berlin_Zoo.jpg|200px|thumb|Old World Porcupine]] [[Image:Porcupine_NPS11952.jpg|200px|thumb|''Erethizon dorsatum'' (North American Porcupine)]] [[Image:Capromys_pilorides.jpg|200px|thumb|Capromys pilorides (Hutia)]]
|-
|}

===g. Lagomorpha===
Lagomorphs differ from rodents in that:
* they have four incisors in the upper jaw (not two as in rodents);
* they will only eat vegetation (unlike rodents, who will eat meat and vegetation)
* they will redigest first-time droppings to obtain the most from their plant diet.

They resemble rodents, however, in that their teeth grow throughout their life, thus necessitating constant chewing to keep them from growing too long.

{| border ="0"
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| [[Image:Ochotona_princeps.jpg|250px|thumb|''Ochotona princeps'' (American Pika)]] [[Image:Kaninchen.jpg|250px|thumb|''Oryctolagus cuniculus'' (European Rabbit)]]
| [[Image:BRACHYLAGUS_IDAHOENSIS.jpg|250px|thumb|''Brachylagus idahoensis'' (Pygmy Rabbit)]] [[Image:Desert_cottontail.jpg|250px|thumb|''Sylvilagus audubonii'' (Desert Cottontail)]]
| [[Image:Running_hare.jpg|250px|thumb|''Lepus europaeus'' (European Hare)]] [[Image:Tochtli-Rabbit-Conejo.jpg|250px|thumb|''Sylvilagus floridanus'' (Eastern Cottontail)]]
|-
|}

===h. Artiodactyla===
The Artiodactyla are mammals with hooves and which bear most of their weight on an even number of toes. They are sometimes called the ''even-toed ungulates'' (ungulates are hooved animals).

{| border ="0"
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| [[Image:Lightmatter_unidentified_pig-like_animal.jpg|thumb|200px|''Potamochoerus porcus'' (Red River Hog)]] [[Image:Bactrian_camel.jpg|thumb|200px|''Camelus bactrianus'' (Bactrian Camel)]] [[Image:Giraffe_standing.jpg|thumb|200px|''Giraffa camelopardalis'' (Giraffe)]] [[Image:Sable_bull.jpg|thumb|200px|''Hippotragus niger'' (Sable Antelope)]] [[Image:Lleyn_sheep.jpg|thumb|200px|''Ovis aries'' (Domestic sheep)]]

| [[Image:Hippo_pod_edit.jpg|thumb|200px|''Hippopotamus amphibius'' (Hippopotamus)]] [[Image:Moschustier.jpg|thumb|200px| ''Moschus moschiferus'' (Siberian musk deer)]] [[Image:Okapi2.jpg|thumb|200px|''Okapia johnstoni'' (Okapi) ]] [[Image:Budorcas_taxicolor01.jpg|thumb|200px|''Budorcas taxicolor'' (Takin)]] 
| [[Image:Collared_peccary02_-_melbourne_zoo.jpg|thumb|200px|''Tayassu tajacu'' (Collared Peccary)]] [[Image:White-tailed_deer.jpg|200px|thumb|''Odocoileus virginianus'' (White-tailed Deer)]] [[Image:Pronghorn_antelope.jpg|thumb|200px| ''Antilocapra americana'' (Pronghorn)]] [[Image:American_bison_k5680-1.jpg|thumb|200px|''Bison bison'' (Bison)]] [[Image:Blackbuck_male_female.jpg|thumb|200px|''Antilope cervicapra'' (Blackbuck)]] [[Image:Ovibos_moschatus.jpg|thumb|200px|''Ovibos moschatus'' (Muskox)]]
|-
|}

===i. Sirenia===

These slow moving herbivores are named after the Sirens of the Homerian legend of Odysseus.

{| border ="0"
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| [[Image:Manatee.jpg|thumb|250px|''Trichechus manatus'' (West Indian Manatee)]]
| [[Image:Dugong.jpg|thumb|250px|''Dugong dugon'' (Dugongs)]]
|-
|}

===j. Cetacea===

This group includes whales, porpoises and dolphins. The word cetus means large sea animal, and is the name of a constellation also known as the whale. These mammals are truly aquatic, and many are quite massive, incapable of walking on land.

See questions 6 and 7 below.

{| border ="0"
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| [[Image:Eubalaena_japonica_drawing.jpg|thumb|250px|''Eubalaena japonica'' (Pacific Northern Right whales)]]
| [[Image:Narwhals_breach.jpg|thumb|250px|''Monodon monoceros'' (Narwhal)]]
| [[Image:Humpback_underwater.jpg|thumb|250px|''Megaptera novaeangliae'' (Humpback Whale)]]
|-
|}

==4. List four beneficial mammals and tell how they are beneficial.==
::Bats eat flying insects

::Dogs provide assistance to the blind and comfort to the sick.

::Cats keep down the rodent population

::Hyena is a scavenger and helps keep the environment clean and free of disease

::Bears carry the nutrients of the salmon they eat into the forest. This actually completes the mineral cycle. Minerals start in the forest and are carried by the rains into the streams, then rivers, and finally into the ocean. The salmon take the minerals from the ocean environment and carry them back to the streams and rivers where they are eaten by the bears. The bears carry these minerals back to the forest when they defecate or die. If this cycle was not complete the forest would eventually not have enough of the nutrients needed to be healthy.

::When wolves were put back into the ecosystem of Yellowstone, we learned how important one animal is in helping form a healthy ecosystem. Without wolves, the Elk could eat and drink without fear, and they had eaten most of the willow along the river. There were very few beaver left. When the wolves came back into the environment, the elk were afraid of certain areas where a wolf might hide and this allowed the willows to grow back. Now there is a growing beaver population.

::Any others that the Pathfinder can think of. Accept all reasonable answers.

==5. List four things mammals do that are harmful.==
::Skunks can make a neighborhood smell quite bad
::Tigers, lions, bears, wolves and many other carnivorous mammals have killed and sometimes eaten people. They also prey on livestock.
::Groundhogs, prairie dogs, gophers, moles and many other burrowing animals can create tripping hazards for humans, horses and other mammals
::Elephants can do quite a bit of damage to gardens and yards
::Mice can eat a large amount of grain and reproduce so rapidly that large quantities of food can disappear quite quickly.
::Rats can carry disease such as bubonic plague
::Deer can carry a disease known as chronic wasting disease
::Beavers can back up streams and flood areas as well as cut down trees that are part of an orchard or yard
::Many mammals can carry rabies or distemper and pass these diseases to humans or pets
::Coyotes in urban settings can eat pets or spread garbage
::Deer, moose and other large mammals are involved in thousands of car accidents every year. Sometimes these accidents include human fatalities.

==6. List four mammals that are completely aquatic and designate their natural range.==
:Salt Water Mammals
::1. Whales
:::a. ''Balaenoptera musculus'' (Blue Whale) lives near the surface of the ocean and can be found in every ocean of the world.
::::[[image:Faroe stamp 402 blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus).jpg|140px]] [[image:cetacea_range_map_Blue_Whale.PNG|240px]]
:::b. ''Delphinapterus leucas'' (Beluga Whale) lives in Arctic and Sub-Arctic waters. Some will migrate to warmer waters in the summer and even swim up northern rivers into brackish (partly-salty) waters to hunt.
::::[[image:Belugawhale_MMC.jpg|240]] [[image:Cetacea range map Beluga.png|240px]]
:::c. ''Balaena mysticetu'' (Bowhead Whale) lives solely in the Arctic near the surface of the ocean.
::::[[image:Bowheads42.jpg|240px]] [[image:Cetacea range map Bowhead Whale.png|240px]]
:::d. ''Megaptera novaeangliae'' (Humpback Whale) lives in all the oceans in the world except the polar seas. They live mostly in shallow water.
::::[[image:Humpback_Whale_underwater_shot.jpg|240px]] [[image:Cetacea range map Humpback Whale.png|240px]]
::2. Dolphins
:::a. ''Tursiops truncatus'' (Bottlenose Dolphins) live in warm and temperate seas and oceans all over the world.
::::[[Image:Bottlenose Dolphin KSC04pd0178 head only.JPG|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Bottlenose_Dolphin.png|240px]]
:::b. ''Orcinus orca'' (Orcas or Killer Whales) live in all the oceans and many of the seas in the world. (Even though this aquatic mammal has the name of "whale" it is in the dolphin (''Delphinidae'') family)
::::[[Image:Killerwhales_jumping.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Orca.PNG|240px]]
:::c. ''Stenella longirostris'' (Spinner Dolphin):
::::1.Eastern Spinner Dolphin (''S. l. orientalis''), found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
::::2.Central American or Costa Rican Spinner Dolphin (''S. l. centroamericana''), also found in the tropical eastern Pacific.
::::3.Gray's or Hawaiian Spinner Dolphin (''S. l. longirostris''), found in the central Pacific around Hawaii but represents a mixed bag of broadly similar subtypes found throughout the world.
::::4.Dwarf Spinner Dolphin (''S. l. roseiventris''), first found in the Gulf of Thailand.
::::[[Image:SpinnerDolphinsoffKauai_1999-03-15.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Spinner_Dolphin.PNG|240px]]
:::d. ''Lagenorhynchus obliquidens'' (Pacific White Sided Dolphin) lives in the Pacific Ocean
::3. Porpoise
:::a. ''Neophocaena phocaenoides'' (Finless Porpoise) lives in the shallow coastal waters of Asia especially around India, China, Indonesia and Japan. A unique fresh water population is found in the Yangtze River. At the western end, their range includes the length of the western coast of India and continues up into the Persian Gulf.
:::: [[Image:FinlessPorpoise3.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Finless_Porpoise.PNG|240px]]
:::b. ''Phocoena phocaena'' (Harbour Porpoise) is widespread in cooler coastal waters in the Northern Hemisphere, largely in areas with a mean temperature of about 15°C. In the Atlantic, Harbour Porpoises may be present in a concave band of water running from the coast of western Africa round to the eastern seaboard of the United States, including the coasts of Spain, France, the United Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Iceland, Greenland and Newfoundland.
::::[[Image:Porpoise_touching.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Harbour_Porpoise.PNG|240px]]
:::c. ''Phocoena sinus'' (Vaquita) is a very endangered species that lives only in the Sea of Cortez, the northern part of the Gulf of California.
::::[[Image:Vaquita.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Vaquita.PNG|240px]]
:::d. ''Phocoenoides dalli'' (Dall's Porpoise) ranges across the north Pacific Ocean from southern California to southern Japan (including the Sea of Japan in the south up to the Bering Sea in the north).
::::[[Image:Dalls_Porpoise_Back.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Dall%27s_Porpoise.PNG|240px]]

:Fresh Water Mammals
::1. ''Inia geoffrensis'' (Amazon or Pink Dolphin) lives in the Amazon River and Orinoco River systems.
::::[[Image:Inia.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Amazon_River_Dolphin.PNG|240px]]
::2. ''Platanista gangetica'' (Ganges and Indus River Dolphin or Indian River Dolphin) lives in the Ganges River in India and in the Indus River in Pakistan.
::::[[Image:Schnabeldelphin-drawing.jpg|240px]] [[Image:Cetacea_range_map_Indus_and_Ganges_River_Dolphin_2.png|240px]]

==7. Name the largest mammal in the world and tell where it lives, how it feeds, and what it eats.==

The ''Balaenoptera musculus'' (Blue Whale) is the largest animal on the planet. Specimens have been recorded over {{H:title|98 feet|30 meters}} in length and are estimated to weigh more than {{H:title|99 tons|90 tonnes}}. These whales have been seen in every ocean of the world and feed by filtering the water through the giant balleen plates in their mouth. Adult whales can eat up to {{H:title|4.4 tons|4 tonnes}} krill (euphausiids) and copepods each day and the calves can drink up to {{H:title|106 Gallons|400 litres}}/day.

::[[Image:Baleen_parts.png]]

These amazing creatures were hunted by man to the brink of extinction. Over 378,000 were killed to provide oil and whale meat. The population of ''B. musculus'' (Blue Whales) is now only about 1% of the total 100 years ago.

==8. List eight species of wild mammals that are in your region. Spend at least 5 hours searching for wild mammals in their natural habitat.==

http://www.enature.com/home/ is a good place to find wild animals in your area. You can search by zip code for mammals, and also any other animals and plants, so it's a useful resource for any Nature honor.

==9. Write or tell a story about "Wild Mammals I Have Observed".==

A good opportunity for a story would obviously be the 5 hour search in the last requirement, if you can't think of another story about wild mammals that you have observed.

==References==
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cetacea
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats
*http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perissodactyla

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