https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=68.39.174.238 2026-05-15T08:31:59Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.35.5 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=Template:Protection_templates&diff=51744 2007-12-31T22:08:33Z

<p>68.39.174.238: That's semi + Office</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;{{shortcut|[[WP:Pt]]}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> {| class=&quot;messagebox protected&quot; style=&quot;width:auto; border:1px solid #88A; padding:0px; font-size:0.9em; text-align: center;&quot;<br /> |rowspan=&quot;11&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;|[[Image:Padlock.svg|40px]]{{edi|Protection templates}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| [[:Category:Protection templates|Protection templates]] !! Full !! Semi<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Dispute:<br /> | {{tlx|pp-dispute}} || {{N/A}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Vandalism: <br /> | {{tlx|pp-vandalism}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-vandalism}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| High visibility templates:<br /> | {{tlx|pp-template}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-template}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| User talk of blocked user:<br /> | {{tlx|pp-usertalk}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-usertalk}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Spambot target:<br /> | {{N/A}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-spambot}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Sockpuppetry:<br /> | {{N/A}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-sock}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Generic (other protection):<br /> | {{tlx|pp-protected}} || {{tlx|pp-semi-protected}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;| Scrutiny of the [[WP:OFFICE|Office]]:<br /> | {{tlx|pp-office}} || {{tl|reset}}<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;text-align: right;&quot;|Move protection:<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot;| {{tlx|pp-move}}<br /> |}&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> [[Category:Protection templates|*]]<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

68.39.174.238 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=Template:Small_Periodic_table&diff=45896 2007-02-15T00:12:23Z

<p>68.39.174.238: More formal wording</p> <hr /> <div>&lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> This is a standard display of the '''periodic table of the elements'''. For more information on its contents and history, see the article [[Periodic table]].<br /> ----<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;<br /> &lt;center&gt;<br /> {| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot; cellspacing=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;width:80%; {{{1|}}}&quot;<br /> |-<br /> ! width=&quot;1.0%&quot; | [[Periodic table group|Group]]&amp;nbsp;→<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Alkali metal |1]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Alkaline earth metal|2]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 3 element |3]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 4 element |4]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 5 element |5]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 6 element |6]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 7 element |7]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 8 element |8]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 9 element |9]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 10 element |10]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 11 element |11]] &lt;!-- also [[Coinage metal|11]] --&gt;<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Group 12 element |12]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Boron group |13]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Carbon group |14]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Nitrogen group |15]] &lt;!-- also [[Pnictogen|15]] --&gt;<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Chalcogen |16]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Halogen |17]]<br /> ! width=&quot;5.5%&quot; | [[Noble gas |18]]<br /> |-<br /> ! ↓&amp;nbsp;[[Periodic table period|Period]]<br /> | colspan=&quot;19&quot;|&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 1 element|1]]<br /> | {{element cell| 1|hydrogen |H |1.00794(7) |Gas |Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;16&quot;|&lt;br/&gt;<br /> | {{element cell| 2|helium |He|4.002602(2) |Gas |Noble gases|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 2 element|2]]<br /> | {{element cell| 3|lithium |Li|6.941(2) |Solid|Alkali metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell| 4|beryllium |Be|9.012182(3) |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Primordial}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;10&quot;|&lt;br/&gt;<br /> | {{element cell| 5|boron |B |10.811(7) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell| 6|carbon |C |12.0107(8) |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell| 7|nitrogen |N |14.00674(7) |Gas |Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell| 8|oxygen |O |15.9994(3) |Gas |Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell| 9|fluorine |F |18.9984032(5) |Gas |Halogens|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|10|neon |Ne|20.1797(6) |Gas |Noble gases|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 3 element|3]]<br /> | {{element cell|11|sodium |Na|22.98976928(2)|Solid|Alkali metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|12|magnesium |Mg|24.3050(6) |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Primordial}}<br /> | colspan=&quot;10&quot;|&lt;br/&gt;<br /> | {{element cell|13|aluminium |Al|26.9815386(8) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|14|silicon |Si|28.0855(3) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|15|phosphorus|P |30.973762(2) |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|16|sulfur |S |32.066(6) |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|17|chlorine |Cl|35.4527(9) |Gas |Halogens|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|18|argon |Ar|39.948(1) |Gas |Noble gases|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 4 element|4]]<br /> | {{element cell|19|potassium |K |39.0983(1) |Solid|Alkali metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|20|calcium |Ca|40.078(4) |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|21|scandium |Sc|44.955912(6) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|22|titanium |Ti|47.867(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|23|vanadium |V |50.9415(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|24|chromium |Cr|51.9961(6) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|25|manganese |Mn|54.938045(5) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|26|iron |Fe|55.845(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|27|cobalt |Co|58.933195(5) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|28|nickel |Ni|58.6934(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|29|copper |Cu|63.546(3) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|30|zinc |Zn|65.39(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|31|gallium |Ga|69.723(1) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|32|germanium |Ge|72.61(2) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|33|arsenic |As|74.92160(2) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|34|selenium |Se|78.96(3) |Solid|Nonmetals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|35|bromine |Br|79.904(1) |Liquid|Halogens|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|36|krypton |Kr|83.80(1) |Gas |Noble gases|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 5 element|5]]<br /> | {{element cell|37|rubidium |Rb|85.4678(3) |Solid|Alkali metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|38|strontium |Sr|87.62(1) |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|39|yttrium |Y |88.90585(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|40|zirconium |Zr|91.224(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|41|niobium |Nb|92.90638(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|42|molybdenum|Mo|95.94(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|43|technetium|Tc|[97.9072] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|44|ruthenium |Ru|101.07(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|45|rhodium |Rh|102.90550(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|46|palladium |Pd|106.42(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|47|silver |Ag|107.8682(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|48|cadmium |Cd|112.411(8) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|49|indium |In|114.818(3) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|50|tin |Sn|118.710(7) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|51|antimony |Sb|121.760(1) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|52|tellurium |Te|127.60(3) |Solid|Metalloids|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|53|iodine |I |126.90447(3) |Solid|Halogens|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|54|xenon |Xe|131.29(2) |Gas |Noble gases|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 6 element|6]]<br /> | {{element cell|55|caesium |Cs|132.9054519(2)|Solid|Alkali metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|56|barium |Ba|137.327(7) |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|*|Lanthanides| | |Solid|Lanthanides|Undiscovered}}<br /> | {{element cell|72|hafnium |Hf|178.49(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|73|tantalum |Ta|180.94788(2) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|74|tungsten |W |183.84(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|75|rhenium |Re|186.207(1) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|76|osmium |Os|190.23(3) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|77|iridium |Ir|192.217(3) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|78|platinum |Pt|195.084(9) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|79|gold |Au|196.966569(4) |Solid|Transition metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|80|mercury |Hg|200.59(2) |Liquid|Transition metals|Primordial|mercury (element)}}<br /> | {{element cell|81|thallium |Tl|204.3833(2) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|82|lead |Pb|207.2(1) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|83|bismuth |Bi|208.98040(1) |Solid|Poor metals|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|84|polonium |Po|[208.9824] |Solid|Metalloids|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|85|astatine |At|[209.9871] |Solid|Halogens|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|86|radon |Rn|[222.0176] |Gas |Noble gases|Natural radio}}<br /> |-<br /> ! [[Period 7 element|7]]<br /> | {{element cell|87|francium |Fr|[223.0197] |Solid|Alkali metals|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|88|radium |Ra|[226.0254] |Solid|Alkaline earth metals|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|**|Actinides | | |Solid|Actinides|Undiscovered}}<br /> | {{element cell|104|rutherfordium|Rf|[263.1125] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|105|dubnium |Db|[262.1144] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|106|seaborgium |Sg|[266.1219] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|107|bohrium |Bh|[264.1247] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|108|hassium |Hs|[269.1341] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|109|meitnerium |Mt|[268.1388] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|110|darmstadtium |Ds|[272.1463] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|111|roentgenium |Rg|[272.1535] |Solid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|112|ununbium |Uub|[277] |Liquid|Transition metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|113|ununtrium |Uut|[284] |Solid|Poor metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|114|ununquadium |Uuq|[289] |Solid|Poor metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|115|ununpentium |Uup|[288] |Solid|Poor metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|116|ununhexium |Uuh|[292] |Solid|Poor metals|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|117|ununseptium |Uus|[291]‡ |Solid|Halogens|Undiscovered}}<br /> | {{element cell|118|ununoctium |Uuo|[293] |Gas |Noble gases|Synthetic}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;21&quot;|&lt;br/&gt;<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|* '''[[Lanthanide]]s'''<br /> | {{element cell|57|lanthanum |La|138.90547(7)|Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|58|cerium |Ce|140.116(1) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|59|praseodymium|Pr|140.90765(2)|Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|60|neodymium |Nd|144.242(3) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|61|promethium |Pm|[144.9127] |Solid|Lanthanides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|62|samarium |Sm|150.36(2) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|63|europium |Eu|151.964(1) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|64|gadolinium |Gd|157.25(3) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|65|terbium |Tb|158.92535(2)|Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|66|dysprosium |Dy|162.500(1) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|67|holmium |Ho|164.93032(2)|Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|68|erbium |Er|167.259(3) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|69|thulium |Tm|168.93421(2)|Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|70|ytterbium |Yb|173.04(3) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|71|lutetium |Lu|174.967(1) |Solid|Lanthanides|Primordial}}<br /> |-<br /> | colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right&quot;|** '''[[Actinide]]s'''<br /> | {{element cell|89|actinium |Ac|[227.0277] |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|90|thorium |Th|232.03806(2)|Solid|Actinides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|91|protactinium|Pa|231.03588(2)|Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|92|uranium |U |238.02891(3)|Solid|Actinides|Primordial}}<br /> | {{element cell|93|neptunium |Np|[237.0482] |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|94|plutonium |Pu|[244.0642] |Solid|Actinides|Natural radio}}<br /> | {{element cell|95|americium |Am|[243.0614] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|96|curium |Cm|[247.0703] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|97|berkelium |Bk|[247.0703] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|98|californium |Cf|[251.0796] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|99|einsteinium |Es|[252.0830] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|100|fermium |Fm|[257.0951] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|101|mendelevium|Md|[258.0984] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|102|nobelium |No|[259.1011] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> | {{element cell|103|lawrencium |Lr|[262.110] |Solid|Actinides|Synthetic}}<br /> |}<br /> &lt;/center&gt;<br /> <br /> '''Notes'''<br /> *[[Lanthanide]]s are also known as &quot;[[rare earth element]]s&quot;, a deprecated term. Regarding [[periodic table group|group]] membership of these elements, see [[group number of lanthanides and actinides|here]].<br /> *Alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, transition metals, actinides, lanthanides, and poor metals are all collectively known as &quot;[[metal|metals]]&quot;.<br /> *Halogens and noble gases are also non-metals.<br /> <br /> {{PeriodicTablesKey}}<br /> {{PeriodicTablesFooter}}<br /> <br /> &lt;noinclude&gt;<br /> == See also ==<br /> *[[Periodic table]]<br /> *[[Periodic table (extended)]]<br /> *[[Isotope table (complete)]]<br /> *[[Table of nuclides]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> *[http://www.webelements.com WebElements.com]<br /> *[http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab3.html NIST's X-Ray Mass Attenuation Coefficients of Elements]<br /> *[http://physics.nist.gov/PhysRefData/XrayMassCoef/tab1.html NIST's Table of Physical Properties of Elements]<br /> *[http://periodic.lanl.gov/ Los Alamos version] (for American school children, but contains more of the history)<br /> <br /> [[Category:Periodic table]]<br /> <br /> [[ar:جدول دوري (قياسي)]]<br /> [[ast:Tabla periódica]]<br /> [[cs:Periodická tabulka]]<br /> [[da:Det periodiske system]]<br /> [[de:Periodensystem]]<br /> [[fr:Tableau périodique des éléments]]<br /> [[ko:주기율표 (표준)]]<br /> [[jbo:dikni selratni cartu]]<br /> [[sk:Periodická tabuľka]]<br /> [[su:Tabel periodik (baku)]]<br /> [[vi:Bảng tuần hoàn (tiêu chuẩn)]]<br /> &lt;/noinclude&gt;</div>

68.39.174.238 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Native_American_Lore_-_Advanced/Answer_Key&diff=40659 2007-01-24T08:29:33Z

<p>68.39.174.238: Removed text that didn't seem to relate to the text, but rather just was tacked on the end</p> <hr /> <div>'''Gayanashagowa''' or the '''Great Law of Peace''' of the [[Iroquois]] (or Haudenosaunee) Six Nations is the oral constitution that created the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]. The law was developed by a [[Huron]] man known as [[The Great Peacemaker]] and his spokesman [[Hiawatha]].<br /> <br /> The Iroquois Confederacy was once thought to have started in the 1500s, but more recent estimates date the Confederacy, and its constitution between [[1090]] and [[1150]] A.D. These estimates were based on the records of the Confederacy leadership and astronomical dating related to the lunar eclipse that coincided with the founding of the Confederacy (Mann, 332). <br /> <br /> According to some researchers, history professor [[Dr. Donald A. Grinde]] in particular, the Gayanashagowa is said to have provided significant inspiration to [[Benjamin Franklin]] and [[James Madison]] in the writing of the [[United States Constitution]]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> Mann, Charles C. ''[[1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus]]''. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2005.<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> {{wikisourcepar|Gayanashagowa}}<br /> * [http://sixnations.buffnet.net/Great_Law_of_Peace/ Description at the Haudenosaunee Home Page]<br /> * [http://www.law.ou.edu/hist/iroquois.html Description at The University of Oklahoma Law Center]<br /> <br /> {{Iroquois}}<br /> [[Category:Iroquois]]<br /> <br /> [[eo:Gajanaŝagoŭa]]<br /> [[fr:Gayanashagowa]]</div>

68.39.174.238 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=Field_Guide/Birds/Haliaeetus_leucocephalus&diff=25261 2006-05-26T20:17:12Z

<p>68.39.174.238: Will explain on talk page</p> <hr /> <div>{{contradict-other}}<br /> <br /> {{Taxobox<br /> | color = pink<br /> | name = Bald Eagle<br /> | status = {{StatusLeastConcern}}<br /> | image = Haliaeetus leucocephalus.jpg<br /> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia<br /> | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]<br /> | classis = [[Bird|Aves]]<br /> | ordo = [[Falconiformes]]<br /> | familia = [[Accipitridae]]<br /> | genus = ''[[Haliaeetus]]''<br /> | species = '''''H. leucocephalus'''''<br /> | binomial = ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''<br /> | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1766]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Bald Eagle''' (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), also known as the '''American Eagle''', is a [[bird of prey]] originating in [[North America]], most recognizable as the [[national bird]] of the [[United States]]. The species was on the brink of [[extinction]] late in the [[20th century]] but now has a stable population and is in the process of being removed from the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]'s list of [[endangered species]]. <br /> <br /> The bird gets both its common and scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. ''Bald'' in the [[English language|English]] name refers to the white head feathers, and the scientific name is derived from ''Haliaeetus'', the [[New Latin]] for &quot;sea eagle,&quot; (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''haliaetos'') and ''leucocephalus'', the Greek for &quot;white head,&quot; from ''leukos'' (&quot;white&quot;) and ''kephale'' (&quot;head&quot;).<br /> <br /> ==Range and habitat==<br /> The Bald Eagle's natural range includes most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. Because it was hit hard by the [[DDT]] scare of the mid-twentieth century it is still slowly recovering its numbers; it can be found in small concentrations throughout the U.S. and [[Canada]], particularly near large [[body of water|bodies of water]]. The state with the largest resident population is [[Alaska]]; out of the estimated 100,000 Bald Eagles on [[Earth]], half live in Alaska.<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[Image:bald.eagle.longshot.arp.500pix.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Bald Eagle at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England]]<br /> An immature bird has speckled brown [[feather]]s all over, the distinctive head and body [[plumage]] arriving 2&amp;ndash;3 years later, before sexual maturity. Their life span is approximately 50 years. Adult females have a wingspan of approximately 2.1 meters (7 feet); adult males have a wingspan of 2 meters (6 feet, 6 inches). Adult females weigh approximately 5.8&amp;nbsp;kg (12.8&amp;nbsp;lb), males weigh 4.1&amp;nbsp;kg (9&amp;nbsp;lb).<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles are protected by two federal laws in the [[United States]]: the Eagle Law, which protects Bald and [[Golden Eagle]]s, and the [[Migratory Bird Act]].<br /> <br /> ==Behavior==<br /> Bald Eagles build huge nest platforms out of branches, usually in large trees. Pairs, who mate for life, add material to the nest each breeding season. After several years, the nest may weigh upwards of 450 kg (one thousand pounds).<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles that are old enough to breed often return to the area where they were raised. They are more social than many other raptor species: an adult looking for a nesting site is more likely to select a location that contains other breeding Bald Eagles. <br /> <br /> Bald Eagles are powerful fliers, and also soar on thermal convection currents. They are long-lived, with reports of birds in captivity living to be 60 years old.<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles normally squeak and have a shrill cry, punctuated by grunts. They do not make the &quot;eagle scream&quot; as often shown on television. What many recognize as the call of this species is actually the call of a [[Red-tailed Hawk]] dubbed into the film.<br /> <br /> When breeding in the [[tundra]] biome, where there are no trees, eagles will nest directly on the ground.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Bald Eagles are sexually mature at 4 or 5 years of age. Mated pairs produce between one and three [[egg (biology)|egg]]s per year, but it is rare for all three chicks to successfully fledge. Both the male and female of the pair take turns sitting on the eggs. The other parent will hunt for food or forage for nest material in the intervening time. <br /> <br /> Third chicks are sometimes removed from nests to use in [[reintroduction]] programs in areas where the species has died out. <br /> <br /> In such programs, the [[bird]]s are raised in boxes, on platforms in the tree canopy, and fed in such a way that they cannot see the person supplying their food, until they are old enough to fly and find their own.<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> The Bald Eagle's diet is varied, including [[carrion]], [[fish]], smaller [[bird]]s, [[rodent]]s, and sometimes food scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics.<br /> <br /> To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its [[talons]]. They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their toes called [[spiricules]] that allow them to grasp fish. [[Osprey]] also have this adaptation.<br /> <br /> Sometimes, if the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle will be dragged into the water. It may swim to safety, but some eagles drown or succumb to [[hypothermia]].<br /> <br /> ==Eagles and humans==<br /> As the symbol of the United States, the Bald Eagle is sought after as a captive bird in that country. Permits are required to keep this species. As a rule, it is a poor bird for public shows, being timid, prone to becoming highly stressed, and unpredictable in nature.<br /> <br /> ==Rare vagrant==<br /> This species has occurred as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] once in [[Ireland]]. The exhausted specimen was discovered by a [[national park]]s worker in a northern heath. Presumably, a storm blew it out to sea, and the bird struggled across the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<br /> <br /> ==National Bird of the US==<br /> The Bald Eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. Its national significance dates back to June 20, [[1782]], when the [[Continental Congress]] officially adopted the current design for the [[Great Seal of the United States]] including a bald eagle grasping arrows and an olive branch with its [[talons]]. Some states had earlier adopted the bird as a symbol; for example [[New York State]] did so in [[1778]].<br /> <br /> In [[1784]], after the end of the [[Revolutionary War]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote a famous letter to his daughter from [[Paris]] criticizing the choice and suggesting the [[Wild Turkey]] as an alternative:<br /> <br /> :''For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.<br /> <br /> :''With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping &amp; Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little King Bird not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country . . .<br /> <br /> :''I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America . . . He is besides, though a little vain &amp; silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.''<br /> <br /> Despite Franklin's objections the Bald Eagle remained the emblem of the United States. Today it appears on many official seals in addition to the back of the quarter.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Bald eagle.jpg|Adult<br /> Image:Bald-eagle.jpg|Adult resting<br /> Image:Haliaeetus_leucocephalus.jpeg|Adult<br /> Image:A03 4663 1024x683.JPG|Female on nest with egg<br /> Image:Bald Eagle.jpg|Adult in a treetop<br /> Image:Aa 2006 03 18 bald eagle immature 01 360x300.jpg|Immature<br /> Image:Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg|Adult<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons|Haliaeetus leucocephalus}}<br /> *[http://images.fws.gov/default.cfm?fuseaction=records.display&amp;CFID=2060719&amp;CFTOKEN=64720564&amp;id=5C7D1A7F%2DF41E%2D4C0A%2D87A4F0A6E628BD0E 11.9&quot; x 8&quot; 1.24 MB Bald Eagle JPEG] provided by the U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service<br /> *[http://www.greatseal.com/symbols/turkey.html Ben Franklin - the Eagle and the Turkey]<br /> *[http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/baldeagle/nationalbird.cfm?photo=1 Eagle vs. Turkey]<br /> *[http://www.infotecbusinesssystems.com/wildlife/default.asp Live web cam of a Bald Eagle nest in British Columbia]<br /> *[http://www.nu.com/eagles/default.asp Live web cam of a Bald Eagle nest in Massachusetts]<br /> *[http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/ Bald Eagle Information]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Categories--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Eagles]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Interlanguage links--&gt;<br /> [[be:Белагаловы арол]]<br /> [[cs:Orel bělohlavý]]<br /> [[da:Hvidhovedet havørn]]<br /> [[de:Weißkopfseeadler]]<br /> [[eo:Blankkapa maraglo]]<br /> [[fi:Valkopäämerikotka]]<br /> [[fr:Pygargue à tête blanche]]<br /> [[ja:ハクトウワシ]]<br /> [[nl:Amerikaanse zeearend]]<br /> [[pl:Bielik amerykański]]<br /> [[pt:Águia de cabeça branca]]<br /> [[sv:Vithövdad havsörn]]</div>

68.39.174.238 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=Field_Guide/Birds/Haliaeetus_leucocephalus&diff=25260 2006-05-26T20:12:41Z

<p>68.39.174.238: Link</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxobox<br /> | color = pink<br /> | name = Bald Eagle<br /> | status = {{StatusLeastConcern}}<br /> | image = Haliaeetus leucocephalus.jpg<br /> | regnum = [[Animal]]ia<br /> | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]<br /> | classis = [[Bird|Aves]]<br /> | ordo = [[Falconiformes]]<br /> | familia = [[Accipitridae]]<br /> | genus = ''[[Haliaeetus]]''<br /> | species = '''''H. leucocephalus'''''<br /> | binomial = ''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''<br /> | binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1766]])<br /> }}<br /> <br /> The '''Bald Eagle''' (''Haliaeetus leucocephalus''), also known as the '''American Eagle''', is a [[bird of prey]] originating in [[North America]], most recognizable as the [[national bird]] of the [[United States]]. The species was on the brink of [[extinction]] late in the [[20th century]] but now has a stable population and is in the process of being removed from the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]]'s list of [[endangered species]]. <br /> <br /> The bird gets both its common and scientific names from the distinctive appearance of the adult's head. ''Bald'' in the [[English language|English]] name refers to the white head feathers, and the scientific name is derived from ''Haliaeetus'', the [[New Latin]] for &quot;sea eagle,&quot; (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''haliaetos'') and ''leucocephalus'', the Greek for &quot;white head,&quot; from ''leukos'' (&quot;white&quot;) and ''kephale'' (&quot;head&quot;).<br /> <br /> ==Range and habitat==<br /> The Bald Eagle's natural range includes most of North America, including most of Canada, all of the continental United States, and northern Mexico. Because it was hit hard by the [[DDT]] scare of the mid-twentieth century it is still slowly recovering its numbers; it can be found in small concentrations throughout the U.S. and [[Canada]], particularly near large [[body of water|bodies of water]]. The state with the largest resident population is [[Alaska]]; out of the estimated 100,000 Bald Eagles on [[Earth]], half live in Alaska.<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [[Image:bald.eagle.longshot.arp.500pix.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Bald Eagle at Combe Martin Wildlife and Dinosaur Park, North Devon, England]]<br /> An immature bird has speckled brown [[feather]]s all over, the distinctive head and body [[plumage]] arriving 2&amp;ndash;3 years later, before sexual maturity. Their life span is approximately 50 years. Adult females have a wingspan of approximately 2.1 meters (7 feet); adult males have a wingspan of 2 meters (6 feet, 6 inches). Adult females weigh approximately 5.8&amp;nbsp;kg (12.8&amp;nbsp;lb), males weigh 4.1&amp;nbsp;kg (9&amp;nbsp;lb).<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles are protected by two federal laws in the [[United States]]: the Eagle Law, which protects Bald and [[Golden Eagle]]s, and the [[Migratory Bird Act]].<br /> <br /> ==Behavior==<br /> Bald Eagles build huge nest platforms out of branches, usually in large trees. Pairs, who mate for life, add material to the nest each breeding season. After several years, the nest may weigh upwards of 450 kg (one thousand pounds).<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles that are old enough to breed often return to the area where they were raised. They are more social than many other raptor species: an adult looking for a nesting site is more likely to select a location that contains other breeding Bald Eagles. <br /> <br /> Bald Eagles are powerful fliers, and also soar on thermal convection currents. They are long-lived, with reports of birds in captivity living to be 60 years old.<br /> <br /> Bald Eagles normally squeak and have a shrill cry, punctuated by grunts. They do not make the &quot;eagle scream&quot; as often shown on television. What many recognize as the call of this species is actually the call of a [[Red-tailed Hawk]] dubbed into the film.<br /> <br /> When breeding in the [[tundra]] biome, where there are no trees, eagles will nest directly on the ground.<br /> <br /> ==Reproduction==<br /> Bald Eagles are sexually mature at 4 or 5 years of age. Mated pairs produce between one and three [[egg (biology)|egg]]s per year, but it is rare for all three chicks to successfully fledge. Both the male and female of the pair take turns sitting on the eggs. The other parent will hunt for food or forage for nest material in the intervening time. <br /> <br /> Third chicks are sometimes removed from nests to use in [[reintroduction]] programs in areas where the species has died out. <br /> <br /> In such programs, the [[bird]]s are raised in boxes, on platforms in the tree canopy, and fed in such a way that they cannot see the person supplying their food, until they are old enough to fly and find their own.<br /> <br /> ==Diet==<br /> The Bald Eagle's diet is varied, including [[carrion]], [[fish]], smaller [[bird]]s, [[rodent]]s, and sometimes food scavenged or stolen from campsites and picnics.<br /> <br /> To hunt fish, the eagle swoops down over the water and snatches the fish out of the water with its [[talons]]. They eat by holding the fish in one claw and tearing the flesh with the other. Eagles have structures on their toes called [[spiricules]] that allow them to grasp fish. [[Osprey]] also have this adaptation.<br /> <br /> Sometimes, if the fish is too heavy to lift, the eagle will be dragged into the water. It may swim to safety, but some eagles drown or succumb to [[hypothermia]].<br /> <br /> ==Eagles and humans==<br /> As the symbol of the United States, the Bald Eagle is sought after as a captive bird in that country. Permits are required to keep this species. As a rule, it is a poor bird for public shows, being timid, prone to becoming highly stressed, and unpredictable in nature.<br /> <br /> ==Rare vagrant==<br /> This species has occurred as a [[Vagrancy (biology)|vagrant]] once in [[Ireland]]. The exhausted specimen was discovered by a [[national park]]s worker in a northern heath. Presumably, a storm blew it out to sea, and the bird struggled across the [[Atlantic Ocean]].<br /> <br /> ==National Bird of the US==<br /> The Bald Eagle is the national bird of the United States of America. Its national significance dates back to June 20, [[1782]], when the [[Continental Congress]] officially adopted the current design for the [[Great Seal of the United States]] including a bald eagle grasping arrows and an olive branch with its [[talons]]. Some states had earlier adopted the bird as a symbol; for example [[New York State]] did so in [[1778]].<br /> <br /> In [[1784]], after the end of the [[Revolutionary War]], [[Benjamin Franklin]] wrote a famous letter to his daughter from [[Paris]] criticizing the choice and suggesting the [[Wild Turkey]] as an alternative:<br /> <br /> :''For my own part I wish the Bald Eagle had not been chosen the Representative of our Country. He is a Bird of bad moral character. He does not get his Living honestly. You may have seen him perched on some dead Tree near the River, where, too lazy to fish for himself, he watches the Labour of the Fishing Hawk; and when that diligent Bird has at length taken a Fish, and is bearing it to his Nest for the Support of his Mate and young Ones, the Bald Eagle pursues him and takes it from him.<br /> <br /> :''With all this Injustice, he is never in good Case but like those among Men who live by Sharping &amp; Robbing he is generally poor and often very lousy. Besides he is a rank Coward: The little King Bird not bigger than a Sparrow attacks him boldly and drives him out of the District. He is therefore by no means a proper Emblem for the brave and honest Cincinnati of America who have driven all the King birds from our Country . . .<br /> <br /> :''I am on this account not displeased that the Figure is not known as a Bald Eagle, but looks more like a Turkey. For the Truth the Turkey is in Comparison a much more respectable Bird, and withal a true original Native of America . . . He is besides, though a little vain &amp; silly, a Bird of Courage, and would not hesitate to attack a Grenadier of the British Guards who should presume to invade his Farm Yard with a red Coat on.''<br /> <br /> Despite Franklin's objections the Bald Eagle remained the emblem of the United States. Today it appears on many official seals in addition to the back of the quarter.<br /> <br /> ==Gallery==<br /> &lt;gallery&gt;<br /> Image:Bald eagle.jpg|Adult<br /> Image:Bald-eagle.jpg|Adult resting<br /> Image:Haliaeetus_leucocephalus.jpeg|Adult<br /> Image:A03 4663 1024x683.JPG|Female on nest with egg<br /> Image:Bald Eagle.jpg|Adult in a treetop<br /> Image:Aa 2006 03 18 bald eagle immature 01 360x300.jpg|Immature<br /> Image:Bald.eagle.closeup.arp-sh.750pix.jpg|Adult<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==External links==<br /> {{commons|Haliaeetus leucocephalus}}<br /> *[http://images.fws.gov/default.cfm?fuseaction=records.display&amp;CFID=2060719&amp;CFTOKEN=64720564&amp;id=5C7D1A7F%2DF41E%2D4C0A%2D87A4F0A6E628BD0E 11.9&quot; x 8&quot; 1.24 MB Bald Eagle JPEG] provided by the U.S. Fish &amp; Wildlife Service<br /> *[http://www.greatseal.com/symbols/turkey.html Ben Franklin - the Eagle and the Turkey]<br /> *[http://www.nwf.org/wildlife/baldeagle/nationalbird.cfm?photo=1 Eagle vs. Turkey]<br /> *[http://www.infotecbusinesssystems.com/wildlife/default.asp Live web cam of a Bald Eagle nest in British Columbia]<br /> *[http://www.nu.com/eagles/default.asp Live web cam of a Bald Eagle nest in Massachusetts]<br /> *[http://www.baldeagleinfo.com/ Bald Eagle Information]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Categories--&gt;<br /> [[Category:Eagles]]<br /> <br /> &lt;!--Interlanguage links--&gt;<br /> [[be:Белагаловы арол]]<br /> [[cs:Orel bělohlavý]]<br /> [[da:Hvidhovedet havørn]]<br /> [[de:Weißkopfseeadler]]<br /> [[eo:Blankkapa maraglo]]<br /> [[fi:Valkopäämerikotka]]<br /> [[fr:Pygargue à tête blanche]]<br /> [[ja:ハクトウワシ]]<br /> [[nl:Amerikaanse zeearend]]<br /> [[pl:Bielik amerykański]]<br /> [[pt:Águia de cabeça branca]]<br /> [[sv:Vithövdad havsörn]]</div>

68.39.174.238 https://wiki-pathfindersonline.designerthan.at/index.php?title=AY_Honors/Renewable_Energy/Answer_Key&diff=66296 2005-10-10T03:30:20Z

<p>68.39.174.238: RVC what looks like blanking</p> <hr /> <div>'''Renewable energy (sources)''' or '''RES''' capture their energy from existing flows of energy, from ''on-going natural processes'', such as [[solar power|sunshine]], [[wind power|wind]], [[hydro power|flowing water]], [[biomass|biological processes]], and [[geothermal]] heat flows. <br /> <br /> Most renewable forms of energy, other than geothermal and [[tidal power]], ultimately come from the [[Sun]]. Some forms are stored solar energy such as [[rain]]fall and wind power which are considered short-term solar-energy storage, whereas the energy in biomass is accumulated over a period of months, as in [[straw]], or through many years as in [[wood]]. Capturing renewable energy by plants, animals and humans does not permanently deplete the resource. [[Fossil fuel]]s, while theoretically renewable on a very long time-scale, are exploited at rates that may deplete these resources in the near future (see: [[Hubbert peak]]).<br /> <br /> Renewable energy resources may be used directly, or used to create other more convenient forms of energy. Examples of direct use are [[solar oven]]s, geothermal heating, and [[watermill|water-]] and [[windmill]]s. Examples of indirect use which require [[energy harvesting]] are [[electricity generation]] through [[wind turbine]]s or [[photovoltaic]] cells, or production of fuels such as ethanol from biomass (see [[alcohol as a fuel]]).<br /> <br /> A parameter sometimes used in renewable energy is the tonne of [[oil]] equivalent (toe). This is equal to 10,000 [[Calorie|megacal]] or 41,868 MJ of energy.[http://www.iea.org/Textbase/stats/unit.asp]<br /> <br /> For aspects of renewable energy use in modern societies see [[Renewable energy development]]. For a general discussion, see [[future energy development]].<br /> <br /> == Defining renewable ==<br /> The concept of renewable energy was introduced in the 1970s as part of an effort to move beyond nuclear and fossil fuels. The most common definition is that renewable energy is from an energy resource that is replaced rapidly by a natural, ongoing process. Under this definition, neither fossil fuels nor nuclear power are renewable. Nuclear power and coal advocates disagree with this definition, arguing that some renewable energy sources can have as great an impact on the environment as energy sources that don't technically meet this definition.<br /> <br /> ===Sustainable energy===<br /> <br /> All renewable energy sources are also by definition [[sustainable energy|sustainable]], meaning that they will be available far enough into the future that planning for their exhaustion is unnecessary. While neither [[nuclear power]] nor [[fossil fuel]]s such as coal, oil, and natural gas are regarded as renewable, nuclear power is claimed by its proponents to be sustainable with the use of [[breeder reactor]]s using [[uranium]]-238 or [[thorium]] or both. On the other hand, many opponents of nuclear power use the term ''sustainable energy'' as a [[synonym]] for ''renewable energy'', and exclude nuclear.<br /> <br /> == Modern sources of renewable energy ==<br /> === Geothermal energy ===<br /> ''Main article: '''''[[Geothermal energy]]'''''<br /> <br /> Geothermal energy ultimately comes from [[radioactive decay]] in the core of the [[Earth]], which heats the Earth from the inside out, and from the sun, which heats the surface. It can be used in three ways:<br /> * Geothermal electricity<br /> * Geothermal heating, through deep Earth pipes<br /> * Geothermal heating, through a [[heat pump]].<br /> <br /> Usually, the term 'geothermal' is reserved for the thermal energy from the core of the Earth.<br /> Geothermal electricity is created by pumping a fluid (oil or water) into the Earth, allowing it to evaporate and using the hot gases vented from the earth's crust to run [[turbine]]s linked to [[electrical generator]]s.<br /> <br /> The geothermal energy from the core of the Earth is closer to the surface in some areas than in others. Where hot underground steam or water can be tapped and brought to the surface it may be used to generate electricity. Such [[geothermal power]] sources exist in certain geologically unstable parts of the world such as [[Iceland]], [[New Zealand]], [[United States]], [[Philippines|the Philippines]] and [[Italy]]. The two most prominent areas for this in the United States are in the [[Yellowstone National Park|Yellowstone]] basin and in northern [[California]]. [[Iceland]] produced 170 MW geothermal power and heated 86% of all houses in the year 2000 through geothermal energy. Some 8000 MW of capacity is operational in total.<br /> <br /> Geothermal heat from the surface of the Earth can be used on most of the globe directly to heat and cool buildings. The temperature of the crust a few feet below the surface is buffered to a constant 7-14C (45-58F), so a liquid can be pre-heated or pre-cooled in underground pipelines, providing free cooling in the summer and, via a [[heat pump]], heating in the winter. Other direct uses are in agriculture (greenhouses), aquaculture and industry.<br /> <br /> Although geothermal sites are capable of providing heat for many decades, eventually specific locations cool down. Some interpret this as meaning a specific geothermal location can undergo depletion. Others see such an interpretation as an inaccurate usage of the word depletion because the overall supply of geothermal energy on Earth, and its source, remain nearly constant. Geothermal energy depends on local geological instability, which, by definition, is unpredictable, and might stabilise.<br /> <br /> The present consumption of Geothermal energy does not in any way threaten or diminish the quality of life for future generations, consequently, it is considered a renewable energy source.<br /> <br /> ===Solar energy===<br /> <br /> [[Image:Solar_panels_on_yacht_at_sea.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The solar panels (photovoltaic arrays) on this small yacht at sea can charge the 12 V batteries at up to 9 amperes in full, direct sunlight.]]<br /> ''Main article: '''''[[Solar power]]'''''<br /> <br /> Since most renewable energy is ultimately &quot;solar energy&quot; this term is slightly confusing and used in two different ways: firstly as a synonym for &quot;renewable energies&quot; as a whole and secondly for the energy that is directly collected from sunlight. In this section it is used in the latter category.<br /> Solar power can be used to:<br /> * generate electricity using [[solar cells]]<br /> * generate electricity using [[Solar power#Solar thermal power plants|thermal power plants]]<br /> * generate electricity using [[Solar Tower|solar towers]]<br /> * heat buildings, directly<br /> * heat buildings, through [[heat pump]]s<br /> * heat foodstuffs, through [[solar oven]]s.<br /> <br /> Obviously the sun does not provide constant energy to any spot on the Earth, so its use is limited. Solar cells are often used to power batteries, as most other applications would require a secondary energy source, to cope with outages. Some homeowners use a solar system which sells energy to the grid during the day, and draw energy from the grid at night; this is to everyone's advantage, since power demand for air conditioning is highest during the day.<br /> <br /> === Wind energy ===<br /> <br /> ''Main article: '''''[[Wind power]]'''''<br /> <br /> As the sun heats up the Earth unevenly, winds are formed. The kinetic energy in the wind can be used to run [[wind turbine]]s, some capable of producing 5 MW of power. The power output is a function of the cube of the wind speed, so such turbines generally require a wind in the range 5.5 m/s (20 km/h), and in practice relatively few land areas have significant prevailing winds. Luckily, offshore or at high altitudes, the winds are much more constant.<br /> <br /> There are now many thousands of wind turbines operating in various parts of the world, with utility companies having a total capacity of over 47,317MW [http://www.ewea.org/documents/Thefacts_Summary.pdf]. Capacity probably means maximum possible output which does not count load factor. It is worth noticing that this number suggests a much higher real percentage of power supply than it really has.<br /> <br /> New wind farms and offshore wind parks are being planned and built all over the world. This has been the most rapidly-growing means of electricity generation at the turn of the [[21st century]] and provides a complement to large-scale base-load power stations. Most deployed turbines produce electricity about 25% of the time (load factor 25%), but some reach 35%. The load factor is generally higher in winter. It means that a 5MW turbine can have average output of 1,7MW in the best case. <br /> <br /> Global winds long-term technical potential is believed to be 5 times current global energy consumption or 40 times current electricity demand. This requires 12.7% of all land area, or that land area with Class 3 or greater potential at a height of 80 meters. It assumes that the land is covered with 6 large wind turbines per square kilometer. Offshore resources experience mean wind speeds of ~90% greater than that of land, so offshore resources could contribute substantially more energy.[http://www.stanford.edu/group/efmh/winds/global_winds.html][http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/may2005/2005-05-17-09.asp#anchor6]. This number could also increase with higher altitude ground based or airborne wind turbines [http://www.wired.com/news/planet/0,2782,67121,00.html?tw=wn_tophead_2].<br /> <br /> There is resistance to the establishment of land based wind farms owing initially to perceptions that they are noisy and contribute to &quot;visual pollution,&quot; i.e., they are considered to be eyesores. Many people also claim that turbines kill birds, and that they in general do little for the environment.<br /> <br /> Others have argued that they find the turbines beautiful, that turbines out at sea are invisible to anyone on the shore, that cars kill more birds annually and that turbines are continuing to evolve.<br /> <br /> [[Wind]] strengths vary and thus cannot guarantee continuous power. Some estimates suggest that 1,000MW of wind generation capacity can be relied on for just 333MW of continuous power. While this might change as technology evolves, advocates have suggested incorporating wind power with other power sources, or the use of energy storage techniques, with this in mind. It is best used in the context of a system that has significant reserve capacity such as hydro, or reserve load, such as a desalination plant, to mitigate the economic effects of resource variability.<br /> <br /> <br /> Wind power is renewable.<br /> <br /> === Water power ===<br /> <br /> ''Main article: '''''[[Water power]]'''''<br /> <br /> Energy in water can be harnessed and used, in the form of motive energy or temperature differences. Since water is about a thousand times heavier than air is, even a slow flowing stream of water can yield great amounts of energy.<br /> <br /> There are many forms:<br /> * [[Hydroelectric]] energy, a term usually reserved for hydroelectric dams.<br /> * [[Tidal power]], which captures energy from the tides in horizontal direction. Tides come in, raise waterlevels in a basin, and tides roll out. The water must pass through a [[turbine]] to get out of the basin.<br /> * [[Tidal stream power]], which does the same vertically, capturing the stream of water as it is moved around the world by the tides.<br /> * [[Wave power]], which uses the energy in waves. The waves will usually move large [[pontoon]]s up and down.<br /> * [[Ocean thermal energy conversion]] (OTEC), which uses the temperature difference between the warmer surface of the ocean and the cool (or cold) lower recesses. To this end, it employs a [[heat engine | cyclic heat engine]].<br /> * [[Deep lake water cooling]], not technically an energy generation method, though it can save a lot of energy in summer. It uses submerged pipes as a [[heat sink]] for [[air conditioning|climate control systems]]. Lake-bottom water is a year-round local constant of about 4 °[[Celsius|C]].<br /> <br /> Hydroelectric power is probably not a major option for the future of energy production in the developed nations because most major sites within these nations with the potential for harnessing gravity in this way are either already being exploited or are unavailable for other reasons such as environmental considerations. <br /> Building a dam often involves flooding large areas of land, changing habitats, and while hydroelectric energy produces essentially no carbon dioxide, recent reports have linked hydroelectric power to methane, which forms out of decaying submerged plants which grow in the dried up parts of the basis in times of drought. Methane is a potent greenhouse gas.<br /> <br /> The other methods of energy generation (and cooling) have had varying degrees of success in the field. Wave and tidal power prove hard to tap, while OTEC has not been field tested on a large scale.<br /> <br /> The general public mostly considers water power energy to be renewable.<br /> <br /> === Biomass ===<br /> ''Main article: '''''[[Biofuel]]'''''<br /> <br /> Plants use [[photosynthesis]] to store solar energy in the form of [[chemical energy]].<br /> Biofuel is any fuel that derives from biomass - recently living organisms or their metabolic byproducts, such as manure from cows. It is a renewable energy. <br /> <br /> Typically biofuel is burned to release its stored chemical energy. Research into more efficient methods of converting biofuels and other fuels into electricity utilizing fuel cells is an area of very active work.<br /> [[Biomass]], also known as biomatter, can be used directly as fuel or to produce liquid [[biofuel]]. Agriculturally produced biomass fuels, such as [[biodiesel]], [[ethanol]] and [[bagasse]] (often a by-product of [[sugar cane]] cultivation) can be burned in [[internal combustion engine]]s or [[boiler]]s. <br /> <br /> A drawback is that all biomass needs to go through some of these steps: it needs to be grown, collected, dried, fermented and burned. All of these steps require resources and an infrastructure.<br /> <br /> Biomatter energy, under the right conditions, is considered to be renewable.<br /> <br /> ==== Liquid biofuel ====<br /> <br /> Liquid biofuel is usually bioalcohol such as [[methanol]], [[ethanol]] and [[biodiesel]]. Biodiesel can be used in modern diesel vehicles with little or no modification and can be obtained from waste and crude vegetable and animal oil and fats ([[lipid]]s). In some areas [[maize|corn]], [[sugarbeet]]s, cane and grasses are grown specifically to produce ethanol (also known as alcohol) a liquid which can be used in [[internal combustion engine]]s and [[fuel cells]]. <br /> <br /> The EU plans to add 5% [[bioethanol]] to Europe's petrol by 2010. For the UK alone the production would require 12,000 square kilometres of the country's 65,000 square kilometres of arable land.<br /> <br /> Other, more efficient sources of biofuel, such as palm and soya oil, would probably have a significant negative environmental impact due to habitat damage in the areas in which they are grown.<br /> <br /> ==== Solid biomass ====<br /> <br /> Direct use is usually in the form of combustible solids, either firewood or combustible field crops. Field crops may be grown specifically for combustion or may be used for other purposes, and the processed plant waste then used for combustion. Most sorts of biomatter, including dried manure, can actually be burnt to heat water and to drive turbines. <br /> [[Sugar cane]] residue, [[wheat]] chaff, [[maize|corn cobs]] and other plant matter can be, and is, burnt quite successfully. The process releases no net CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;.<br /> <br /> Solid biomass can also be [[gasification|gasified]], and used as described in the next section.<br /> <br /> ==== Biogas ====<br /> :''Main article: '''''[[biogas]]'''''<br /> <br /> Many organic materials can release gases, due to metabolisation of organic matter by bacteria ([[fermentation]]). [[Landfills]] actually need to release this gas to prevent dangerous explosions. Animal feces releases methane under the influence of [[anaerobic bacteria]]. <br /> <br /> Also, under high pressure, high temperature, [[anaerobic]] conditions many organic materials such as wood can be [[gasification|gasified]] to produce gas. This is often found to be more efficient than direct burning.<br /> The gas can then be used to generate electricity and/or heat.<br /> <br /> Biogas can easily be produced from current waste streams, such as: paper production, sugar production, sewage, animal waste and so forth. These various waste streams have to be slurried together and allowed to naturally ferment, producing methane gas. We just need to convert current sewage plants to biogas plants, build more locally centered smaller biogas plants and plan for the future. Biogas production has the capacity to provide us with about half of our energy needs, either burned for electrical productions or piped into current gas lines for use. It just has to be done and made a priority. Besides, when a plant has extracted all the methane it can, we are left with a better fertilizer for our farms than we started with.<br /> <br /> == Small scale energy sources ==<br /> <br /> There are many small scale energy sources that generally cannot be scaled up to industrial size. A short list:<br /> * [[piezoelectricity|Piezo electric]] crystals generate a small voltage whenever they are mechanically deformed. Vibration from [[internal combustion engine|engines]] can stimulate piezo electric crystals, as can the heels of shoes<br /> * Some watches are already powered by kinetics, in this case movement of the arm<br /> * [[Electrokinetics]] generate electricity from the kinetic energy in water that is pumped through tiny channels<br /> * Special [[antenna (electronics)|antennae]] can collect energy from stray radio waves or theoretically even light ([[Electromagnetic radiation|EM radiation]]).<br /> <br /> == Issues ==<br /> === Aesthetics, habitat hazards and land use ===<br /> Some people dislike the aesthetics of [[wind turbines]] or bring up nature conservation issues when it comes to large solar-electric installations outside of cities. Some people try to utilize these renewable technologies in an efficient and aesthetically pleasing way: fixed solar collectors can double as noise barriers along highways, roof-tops are available already and could even be replaced totally by solar collectors, [[photovoltaic cell|amorphous photovoltaic cells]] can be used to tint windows and produce energy etc.<br /> <br /> Some renewable energy capture systems entail unique environmental problems. For instance, wind turbines can be hazardous to flying birds, while hydroelectric dams can create barriers for migrating fish - a serious problem in the Pacific Northwest that has decimated the numbers of many salmon populations. Burning biomass and biofuels causes air pollution similar to that of burning fossil fuels, although it causes a lower greenhouse effect since the carbon placed in the atmosphere was already there before the plants were grown, rather than being &quot;new&quot; carbon from fossil fuels &lt;!-- this could prolly be phrased better... --&gt;.<br /> <br /> Another problem with many renewables, especially biomass and biofuels, is the large amount of land required, which otherwise could be left as wilderness.<br /> <br /> === Concentration ===<br /> <br /> Another inherent difficulty with renewables is their variable and diffuse nature (the exception being [[geothermal energy]], which is however only accessible in exceptional locations). Since renewable energy sources are providing relatively low-intensity energy, the new kinds of &quot;power plants&quot; needed to convert the sources into usable energy need to be distributed over large areas. <br /> <br /> Electrical power consumption in Western countries averages about 100 watts per person (i.e. about 1000 kWh per year). In cloudy [[Europe]] this would require about eight square meters of [[solar panel]]s, assuming a below-average solar conversion rate of 12.5%. Systematic electrical generation requires reliable overlapping sources or some means of [[grid energy storage|storage]] on a reasonable scale ([[hydroelectricity|pumped-storage hydro system]]s, batteries, hydrogen [[fuel cell]]s, etc). So, because of current costs of such energy storage systems, a stand-alone system is only economic in rare cases, or where a connection to a public grid would be impractical.<br /> <br /> === Proximity to demand ===<br /> <br /> The geographic diversity of resources is also significant. Some countries and regions have significantly better resources than others in particular RE sectors. Some nations have significant resources at distance from the major population centers where electricity demand exists. Exploiting such resources on a large scale is likely to require considerable investment in transmission and distribution networks as well as in the technology itself.<br /> <br /> === Availability ===<br /> One recurring criticism of renewable sources is their intermittant nature. Solar insolation, for example can only be expected to be available during the day (50% of the time). Wind energy is somewhat more available, while geothermal and wave energy are available all of the time, although the intensity of the waves varies season to season. A wave energy scheme installed in Australia is generating electricity with an 80% availability factor.<br /> <br /> === Fossil fuels ===<br /> :''Main article: [[Fossil fuel]]''<br /> Renewable energy sources are fundamentally different from fossil fuel or nuclear power plants because the Sun will 'power' these 'power plants' (meaning sunlight, the wind, flowing water, etc.) for the next 4 billion years. They also do not directly produce greenhouse gases and other emissions, as fossil fuel combustion does. Most do not introduce any global new risks such as [[nuclear waste]].<br /> <br /> Fossil fuels are not considered a renewable energy source, but are often compared and contrasted with renewables in the context of [[future energy development]].<br /> <br /> The traditionally, though not universally, held Western (biogenic) theory postulates that fossil fuels are the altered remnants of ancient plant and animal life deposited in sedimentary rocks. They were formed millions of years ago and have rested underground, mostly dormant, since that time.<br /> <br /> In contrast, the [[Abiogenic petroleum origin]] theory states that [[petroleum]] (or [[crude oil]]) is primarily created from non-[[biology|biological]] sources of [[hydrocarbon]]s located deep in the [[Earth]]. This view was championed by [[Fred Hoyle]] in his book ''The Unity of the Universe''. <br /> <br /> Though it is possible to produce complex [[hydrocarbons]] artificially by using the [[Fischer-Tropsch process]], this process does not generate energy, and cannot be considered a large scale solution to the energy problem.<br /> <br /> The coal industry in the US is publicly claiming coal is renewable energy because the coal was originally biomass. However, the biomass of fossil fuels was produced on the time scale of millions of years through a series of events and it is considered to be a deposit of energy, not an energy flow. Some scientist hold the view that the formation of fossil fuels was a one-time event, made possible by unique conditions during the [[Devonian]] period, such as increased oxygen levels and huge swamps.<br /> <br /> When the term renewable was introduced (see [[Renewable energy#Defining renewable|Defining renewable]] within this article), it was a generally held belief that the Earth's sources would be depleted within some 50 years. Since then, large deposits of deep-Earth oil have been found, which has extended this timetable. Because the current rate of consumption exceeds the rate of renewal (if, indeed, there is renewal of fossil fuels), the Earth will eventually run out of fossil fuels (see [[peak oil]]).<br /> <br /> === Transmission ===<br /> <br /> If renewable and [[distributed generation]] were to become widespread, [[electric power transmission]] and [[electricity distribution]] systems might no longer be the main distributors of electrical energy but would operate to balance the electricity needs of local communities. Those with surplus energy would sell to areas needing &quot;top ups&quot;. That is, network operation would require a shift from 'passive management' - where generators are hooked up and the system is operated to get electricity 'downstream' to the consumer - to 'active management', wherein generators are spread across a network and inputs and outputs need to be constantly monitored to ensure proper balancing occurs within the system. Some Governments and regulators are moving to address this, though much remains to be done. One potential solution is the increased use of active management of electricity transmission and distribution networks. This will require significant changes in the way that such networks are operated.<br /> <br /> However, on a small scale, use of renewable energy that can often be produced &quot;on the spot&quot; lowers the requirements [[electricity distribution]] systems have to fulfill. Current systems, while rarely economically efficient, have proven an average household with a solar panel array and energy storage system of the right size needs electricity from outside sources for only a few hours every week. Hence, advocates of renewable energy believe electricity distribution systems will become smaller and easier to manage, rather than the opposite.<br /> <br /> == Historical usage of renewable energy ==<br /> Throughout history, various forms of renewable and non-renewable energies have been employed.<br /> <br /> *[[Wood fuel|Wood]] was the earliest manipulated energy source in human history, being used as a thermal energy source through burning, and it is still important in this context today. Burning wood was important for both [[cooking]] and providing heat, enabling human presence in cold climates. Special types of wood cooking, [[drying (food)|food dehydration]] and [[smoking (food)|smoke curing]], also enabled human societies to safely store perishable foodstuffs through the year. Eventually, it was discovered that partial combustion in the relative absence of oxygen could produce [[charcoal]], which provided a hotter and more compact and portable energy source. However, this was not a more efficient energy source, because it required a large input in wood to create the charcoal.<br /> *[[Animal power]] for vehicles and mechanical devices was originally produced through [[animal traction]]. Animals such as horses and oxen not only provided transportation but also powered mills. Animals are still extensively in use in many parts of the world for these purposes.<br /> *[[Water power]] eventually supplanted animal power for mills, wherever the power of falling water in rivers was exploitable . Water power through [[hydroelectricity]] continues to be the least expensive method of storing and generating dispatchable energy throughout the world. Historically as well as presently, hydroelectricity provides more renewable energy than any other renewable source.<br /> *[[Animal oil]], especially [[whale oil]] was long burned as an oil for light.<br /> *[[Wind power]] has been used for several hundred years. It was originally used via large sail-blade [[windmill]]s with slow-moving blades, such as those seen in the [[Netherlands]] and mentioned in [[Don Quixote]]. These large mills usually either pumped water or powered small mills. Newer windmills featured smaller, faster-turning, more compact units with more blades, such as those seen throughout the [[Great Plains]]. These were mostly used for pumping water from wells. Recent years have seen the rapid development of wind generation farms by mainstream power companies, using a new generation of large, high wind turbines with two or three immense and relatively slow-moving blades. Today, wind power is the fastest growing energy source in the world.<br /> *[[Solar power]] as a direct energy source has been not been captured by mechanical systems until recent human history, but was captured as an energy source through architecture in certain societies for many centuries. Not until the twentieth century was direct solar input extensively explored via more carefully planned architecture (passive solar) or via heat capture in mechanical systems (active solar) or electrical conversion (photovoltaic). Increasingly today the sun is harnessed for heat and electricity.<br /> *Attempts to harness the power of [[Wave power|ocean waves]] appears in drawings and patents back to the 19th century. Modern attempts to capture wave power began in the 1970's by Professor Steven Salter who started the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh in Scotland. There are several pilot plants generating power into the grid, and many new and curious designs are in various stages of development and testing.<br /> <br /> == See also ==<br /> <br /> *[[Sustainable energy]]<br /> *[[Renewable energy development]]<br /> *[[Ashden Award]] for Renewable Energy.<br /> *[[Net energy gain]].<br /> *[[Electric vehicle]].<br /> *[[Electric boat]].<br /> *[[Green car]].<br /> *[[Soft energy path]].<br /> *[[European Union Climate Change Programme]].<br /> *[[Whole Earth Catalog]].<br /> *[[Fischer-Tropsch process]]<br /> *[[Abiogenic petroleum origin]]<br /> *[[Nuclear power phase-out]]<br /> <br /> == External links ==<br /> * [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/worldoilboycott World Oil Boycott Grassroots Organization]<br /> * [http://www.greenfuelonline.com/enterprise4.htm Technology turns greenhouse gas emissions to clean air biofuels]<br /> * [http://www.ief-energy.org/ International Energy Foundation]<br /> * [http://www.inboxrobot.com/news/AlternativeEnergy Alternative Energy newsletter for Research Professionals]<br /> * [http://www.nrel.gov/ National Renewable Energy Laboratory (American)]<br /> * [http://www.GenomeNewsNetwork.org/categories/index/energy.php Genome News Network (GNN) Energy News] Collection of articles about how advances in genomics is leading to advances in energy production.<br /> * [http://www.cat.org.uk/ Centre for Alternative Energy (European)]<br /> * [http://www.activistmagazine.com/index.php?option=content&amp;task=view&amp;id=120 Carbon Activism for Beginners].<br /> * [http://www.ecoresearch.net/election2004/report/sentence?s=1 Renewable Energy Media Analysis] &amp;mdash; US Election 2004 Web Monitor<br /> * [http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/intelligent/index_en.html EU Intelligent Energy]<br /> * [http://www.itdg.org/ Intermediate Technology Development Group]<br /> * [http://www.thehydrogenexpedition.com/ The Hydrogen Expedition] Renewable energy world record<br /> * [http://www.aapg.org/explorer/2002/11nov/abiogenic.cfm Abiogenic Gas Debate] On the possible abiogenic origin of fossil fuels<br /> * [http://wiki.greenpowered.org Green Wiki] Collective articles on renewable energy and other topics related to sustainable living<br /> * [http://energy.sourceguides.com/index.shtml The Source for Renewable Energy] A directory to more than 9000 renewable energy businesses worldwide<br /> * [http://environmental-finance.com Environmental Finance magazine]<br /> * [http://europa.eu.int/comm/energy/res/index_en.htm European Union website about renewable energy].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> *[http://eia.doe.gov/ U.S. Energy Information Administration] provides a wide range of statistics and information on the industry.<br /> *Boyle, G. (ed.), ''Renewable Energy: Power for a Sustainable Future''. Open University, UK, 1996.<br /> *[http://www.eere.energy.gov/ U.S. DOE Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) Home Page]<br /> <br /> &lt;!---Categories -----------&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;!----Languages -----------&gt;<br /> <br /> [[Category:Climate change]]<br /> [[Category:Renewable energy|*]]<br /> [[Category:Sustainability]]<br /> [[Category:Environmentalism]]<br /> <br /> [[cy:Egni cynaliadwy]]<br /> [[da:Vedvarende energi]]<br /> [[de:Erneuerbare Energie]]<br /> [[es:Energía renovable]]<br /> [[fr:Énergie renouvelable]]<br /> [[id:Energi terbaharui]]<br /> [[it:Energie rinnovabili]]<br /> [[he:אנרגיה חלופית]]<br /> [[nl:Duurzame energie]]<br /> [[pl:Odnawialne źródła energii]]<br /> [[pt:Energia renovável]]<br /> [[ro:Energie reînnoibilă]]<br /> [[sl:Obnovljivi viri energije]]<br /> [[fi:Uusiutuva luonnonvara]]<br /> [[vi:Năng lượng tái tạo]]<br /> [[wa:Todi-poujhåve enerdjeye]]<br /> [[zh:可再生能源]]</div>

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