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Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries

2010-08-25T00:24:57Z

65.175.172.80: move collection template to bottom

The Outdoor Industries category is called ''Primary Industries'' in the South Pacific Division.

== Index of Outdoor Industries Honors (15) ==
{{AY_Stages}}

{| align=center style="background-color: #F7F7FF; border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="90%"
|-
|width="33%"|
{{stage short|100%|30 Apr, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Agriculture|Agriculture]] 
{{stage short|100%|28 Sep, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Beekeeping|Beekeeping]] 
{{stage short|50%|25 Mar, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Cattle Husbandry|Cattle Husbandry]] 
{{stage short|25%|15 Apr, 2007}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Dairying|Dairying]] 
{{stage short|100%|8 Nov, 2007}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Flower Culture|Flower Culture]] 
|width="33%"|
{{stage short|100%|22 Jan, 2007}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Fruit Growing|Fruit Growing]] 
{{stage short|100%|9 Oct, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Gardening|Gardening]] 
{{stage short|100%|24 Mar, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Goat Husbandry|Goat Husbandry]] 
{{stage short|75%|16 Apr, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Horse Husbandry|Horse Husbandry]] 
{{stage short|00%|8 Jan, 2010}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Island Fishing|Island Fishing]] {{division_honor|SPD}} 
|
{{stage short|00%|18 May, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Pigeon Raising|Pigeon Raising]] 
{{stage short|100%|28 Mar, 2008}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Poultry Raising|Poultry Raising]] 
{{stage short|50%|17 Apr, 2009}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Sheep Husbandry|Sheep Husbandry]] 
{{stage short|100%|6 Sep, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Small Fruit Growing|Small Fruit Growing]] 
{{stage short|No_work|5 Dec, 2006}} [[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries/Subsistence Farming|Subsistence Farming]] {{division_honor|SPD}} 
|}

{{ay_honor_divisions_legend}}
__NOTOC__

{{Collection|{{PAGENAME}}|The {{SUBPAGENAME}} Series}}

==Index of {{SUBPAGENAME}} Honors by Skill Level==
{|border=1 cellpadding=5 align="center" width="90%"
|-
|- style="background:tan"
![[:Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Outdoor Industries|Outdoor Industries]]
|[[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 1 Outdoor Industries|Skill Level 1]]
|[[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 2 Outdoor Industries|Skill Level 2]]
|[[Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Skill Level 3 Outdoor Industries|Skill Level 3]]
|}

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Marine Algae/Answer Key

2009-12-26T00:39:51Z

65.175.172.80: /* 6. Is most green algae found in fresh or salt water? */

{{honor_header|3|1961|Nature|General Conference}}
==1. What is marine algae? ==
The most common name for marine algae is "''seaweed''". Seaweeds are popularly described as plants, but biologists do not consider them plants (in biology, all true plants belong to the kingdom Plantae). They should not be confused with aquatic plants such as seagrasses (which are vascular plants).

==2. Where is it found? ==
Marine algae are mostly found in shallow ocean water near rocky shores. It is also found in fresh water, such as ponds, lakes, and rivers.

==3. What is the organ of attachment to the substratum called? How does it differ from a true root? ==
The organ that attaches a marine algae to a substrate is called a '''''"holdfast"'''''
Unlike a root, a holdfast derives no nutrients from this intimate contact with the substrate.

Holdfasts vary in shape and form depending on both the species and the substrate type. The holdfasts of organisms that live in muddy substrates often have complex tangles of root-like growths, while those of organisms that live in sandy substrates are bulb-like and very flexible, such as the holdfast of sea pens, allowing the organism(s) to pull the entire body into the substrate when the holdfast is contracted. The holdfasts of organisms that live on smooth surfaces (such as the surface of a boulder) have the base of the holdfast literally glued to the surface.

==4. How does size vary in marine algae? ==
Some marine algae are so small they can only be seen under a microscope. Others are very large, such as Macrocystis, a species of kelp belonging to the brown algae group, which may reach {{units|60 meters|200 ft}} in length.

==5. Name the four groups of marine algae, indicating opposite the name of each group whether it is unicellular, multicellular, or both. ==

{| border=1 cellspacing="1" cellpadding="4" align="center" style="background:#c0ffff"
|-
! Group || Unicellular || Multicellular
|-
| Red Algae ||[[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] || [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]
|-
| Brown Algae ||[[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] || [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]
|-
| Green Algae ||[[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] || [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]]
|-
| Diatoms || [[Image:Yes_check.svg|15px| ]] || [[Image:X mark.svg|15px| ]]
|}

==6. Is most green algae found in fresh or salt water? ==
While about 90% of the species of green algae live in freshwater habitats and most of the other 10% live in marine habitats, other species are adapted to a wide range of environments. Watermelon snow, or ''Chlamydomonas nivalis'', of the class Chlorophyceae, lives on summer alpine snowfields. Others live attached to rocks or woody parts of trees. Some lichens are symbiotic relationships with fungi and a green alga.

==7. What are diatoms? ==
Diatoms are a major group of algae, and are one of the most common types of phytoplankton. Most diatoms are unicellular, although some form chains or simple colonies. A characteristic feature of diatom cells is that they are encased within a unique cell wall made of silica (hydrated silicon dioxide) called a frustule. These frustules show a wide diversity in form, some quite beautiful and ornate, but usually consist of two asymmetrical sides with a split between them, hence the group name.

Diatoms are a widespread group and can be found in the oceans, in freshwater, in soils and on damp surfaces. Most live in open water, although some live as surface films at the water-sediment interface, or even under damp atmospheric conditions. They are especially important in oceans, where they are estimated to contribute up to 45% of the base of the oceanic food chain.

==8. Where does algae grow-the polar, temperate, or tropic zone? ==
Algae grow in ''all'' of these zones, from Picobiliphytes, which are an algae indigenous to polar regions, to Sargassum, which lives in the tropical waters of the Atlantic Ocean.

==9. Where is brown algae most invariably found-in fresh or salt water? ==
Brown algae is found in most salt water ecosystems.

==10. What is the greatest depth that algae grows in the ocean? Why can it not grow in deeper water? ==
The deepest living algae are those that are attached to the sea-bed under several meters of water. The limiting factor in such cases is the availability of sufficient sunlight to support photosynthesis. The deepest living sea-weeds are the various kelps.

==11. Name the three parts of a large kelp. How do they compare to the leaf, stem, and root of a plant? ==
[[Image:Seaweed holdfast.jpg|thumb|300px|A marine algae showing the holdfast, some stipes, and some blades]]
;Blade: The ''blade'' is a large, flat structure, and is analogous to a plant's leaves.
;Stipe: The ''stipe'' serves as a stem to which the blades are attached.
;Holdfast: The ''holdfast'' is the part of the plant that anchors it to a substrate, such as a rock or the seafloor. It is analogous to a plant's root.
 

==12. Describe the two ways that algae reproduce. ==
===Sexual Reproduction===
Most forms of algae reproduce sexually by forming spores. The spores, when cast off the adult organism, develop into male and female gametes which carry only half the genetic information of the parent organism. These gametes are motile, meaning they can move around by themselves, propelled by tiny flagella. When male and female gametes from the same or from different parent organisms combine, the genetic material fuses to create an organism with a full complement of genetic material. This is very similar to the way that ferns reproduce (see the [[../Ferns|Ferns]] honor for more details.
===Asexual Reproduction===
Asexual reproduction is advantageous in that it permits efficient population increases, but less variation is possible. Sexual reproduction allows more variation but is more costly because of the waste of gametes that fail to mate, among other things. Often there is no strict alternation between the sporophyte and gametophyte phases and also because there is often an asexual phase, which could include the fragmentation of the thallus.

==13. What are some of the commercial values of algae? Give at least one for each group. ==
;Food: Most cultures with access to Porphyra, a genus of red algae use it as a food or somehow in the diet, making it perhaps the most domesticated of the marine algae.

;Emulsifier: Gelatinous extracts of carrageen seaweed (also known as Irish moss, a red algae) have been used as food additives for hundreds of year. It acts as an emulsifier, which is to say, it help combine items which resist combination, such as oil and water. It is commonly used in toothpaste, ice cream, milkshakes, sauces, and even shampoo (which we admit is not a food).

;Fertilizer: Seaweed, particularly bladderwrack, kelp or laminaria (which are all forms of brown algae), can be either applied to the soil as a mulch (although it will tend to break down very quickly) or can be added to the compost heap, where it is an excellent activator.

;Medicine: Laminaria (a genus of brown algae) is used in the production of potassium chloride and iodine. Dried laminaria sticks can be used medicinally to induce dilation of the cervix. An additional medicinal use of algae is the product ''agar'' which is used as a culture medium for growing bacteria in laboratoy settings.

;Pigments: The natural pigments produced by algae can be used as an alternative to chemical dyes and coloring agents. Many of the paper products used today are not recyclable because of the chemical inks that they use, paper recyclers have found that inks made from algae are much easier to break down. There is also much interest in the food industry into replacing the coloring agents that are currently used with coloring derived from algal pigments. In Israel, a species of green algae is grown in water tanks, then exposed to direct sunlight and heat which causes it to become bright red in color. It is then harvested and used as a natural pigment for foods such as Salmon.

==14. Make a collection of at least twenty specimen of marine algae properly identified, mounted, and labeled. There must be at least four specimens from the Green group, eight from the Brown group, and eight from the Red group. ==
The best approach for meeting this requirement is to obtain a field guide to algae, go out to a beach, and collect the various types you find. Once you have a specimen, use the field guide to try to identify it. Continue collecting until you have at least 20 specimens you can identify, being absolutely sure to remove any animals living in the algae before you leave the area. You can collect the specimens in a bucket or keep them in plastic bags.

You will need to start the drying process right away. For this you will need:
* A shallow tray (such as from a cafeteria, or a cookie sheet)
* Mounting paper (herbarium paper or drawing paper)
* Wax paper
* Mailing labels or strips of paper
* Newspaper or blotter paper
* Two small pieces of plywood
* Nylon straps or belts, or C clamps

Follow this procedure:
# Rinse the alga to remove salt, sand, and foreign particles.
# place one of the small pieces of plywood on a work surface and cover it with a layer of blotter paper (or newspaper).
# Fill the shallow pan with water and float the mounting paper in it.
# Float the algae specimen on the mounting paper, spreading the fronds out as best you can.
# Carefully lift the mounting paper with the algae specimen out of the water, draining off the water as you lift it up.
# Lay the mounting paper on the blotter paper placed on the sheet of plywood earlier.
# Cover the sample (still on the mounting paper) with a sheet of wax paper
# Put your name and the specimen's identity on the mailing label, and place it on the wax paper.
# Cover this with another layer of blotter paper and/or newspaper.
# Repeat for each sample, stacking them on atop the other, separated by blotters.
# When the last specimen has been covered, lay the second piece of plywood over assembly.
# Bind the "sandwich" with the nylon straps or belts, and tighten as best you can. Alternately, you could use C-clamps to clamp the sandwich together, or you could place heavy weights on the entire assembly.
# Place in a well-ventilated area
# Change the newspaper and blotter paper daily for the next five days or until the samples are dry,

Many types of algae have natural adhesives in them that will cause them to stick to the mounting paper all by themselves. For those that do not, a ''small'' dot of white glue may be used to affix them to the mounting paper. Label with the information collected about the specimen.

==15. Be able to identify by generic name at least ten types of marine algae.==
The "generic" name in the requirement means that you should learn which genus ten specimens belong to. Don't be scared of the scientific names (Latin names) - they are no more difficult to learn than the common names, especially if you know neither when you start.

We present several species below, but you should not expect that these are the only samples you will find. Get a good field guide and identify the algae you ''find'' rather than trying to find the algae you can identify.
===Green Algae===
{{Species id
| common_name = Sea Lettuce
| latin_name = Ulva lactuca
| color = lightgreen
| image = Ulva lactuca - Sowerby.jpg
| image_caption = Ulva lactuca From Sowerby's English botany, 1790-1814. By James Sowerby (1757-1822).
| range =
| description = ''Ulva lactuca'' is a thin flat green alga growing from a discoid holdfast. The margin is somewhat ruffled and often torn. It may reach 18 cm or more long though generally much less and up to 30 cm across. The membrane is two cells thick, soft and translucent and grows attached, without a stipe, to rock via a small disc-shaped holdfast. Green to dark green in color this species in the Chlorophyta is formed of two layers of cells irregularly arranged, as seen in cross section. The chloroplast is cup-shaped with 1 to 3 pyrenoids.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name = Deadman's Fingers
| latin_name = Codium
| color = lightgreen
| image = Codiumfragile.jpg
| image_caption = ''Codium fragile''
| range =
| description = The genus has thalli of two forms, either erect or prostrate. The erect plants are dichotomously branched to 40 cm long with branches forming a compact spongy structure, not calcareous. The final branches form a surface layer of close palisade cortex of utricles. The non-erect species form either a prostrate or globular thallus with a velvet-like surface, the final branches forming a close cortex of utricles.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name = Water Net
| latin_name = Hydrodictyon reticulatum
| color = lightgreen
| image = Hydrodictyon reticulatum.jpg
| image_caption = ''Hydrodictyon reticulatum''
| range =
| description =The name ''water net'' comes from its shape, which looks like a netlike hollow sack. It can grow up to several decimeters.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name = Pediastrum
| latin_name = Pediastrum simplex
| color = lightgreen
| image = Pediastrum simplex EPA.jpg
| image_caption = ''Pediastrum simplex''
| range =
| description = The name ''Pediastrum'' means "plain star", because this alga is very much star-shaped. It can be found in many ponds, making the water appear greenish.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Volvox aureus
| latin_name = Volvox aureus
| color = lightgreen
| image = Volvox aureus.jpg
| image_caption = ''Volvox aureus''
| range =Volvox is found in ponds and ditches, and even in shallow puddles. The most favorable place to look for it is in the deeper ponds, lagoons, and ditches which receive an abundance of rain water. It has been said that where you find Lemna, you are likely to find Volvox; and it is true that such water is favorable, but the shading is unfavorable.
| description =Volvox is one of the best-known chlorophytes and is the most developed in a series of genera that form spherical colonies. Each Volvox is composed of numerous flagellate cells similar to Chlamydomonas, on the order of 1000-3000 in total, interconnected and arranged in a glucoprotein filled sphere (coenobium). The cells swim in a coordinated fashion, with a distinct anterior and posterior - or since Volvox resembles a little planet, a 'north and south' pole. The cells have eyespots, more developed near the anterior, which enables the colony to swim towards light.
}}
{{clear}}
{{TODO|Other species to investigate:
*Chaetomorpha chondrus
*Ulva prolifera
*Kornmannia leptoderma
}}


===Brown Algae===


{{Species id
| common_name = Fensholt
| latin_name = Sargassum muticum
| color = tan
| image = Sargassum weeds closeup.jpg
| image_caption = Sargassum weeds close up
| description =Sargassum muticum is a large brown seaweed of the Division Phaeophyta. It grows attached to rocks by a perennial holdfast up to 5 cm in diameter. From this holdfast the main axis grows to a maximum of 5 cm high. The leaf-like laminae and primary lateral branches grow from this stipe. In warm waters it can grow to 12 m long, however in British waters it grows to no more than 4 m long. The holdfast gives rise to a single main axis with secondary and tertiary branches which are shed annually. Numerous small 2-6 mm stalked air vesicules provide buoyancy. The reproductive receptacles are also stalked and develop in the axils of leafy laminae. It is self fertile.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name = Kelp
| latin_name = Macrocystis
| color = tan
| image = Giantkelp2 300.jpg
| image_caption = ''Macrocystis pyrifera''
| description = ''Macrocystis'' is a genus of kelp, some species of which are so huge that the plants may grow to up to 60m. The stipes arise from a holdfast and branch three or four times from near the base. Blades develop at irregular intervals along the stipe. M. pyrifera grows to over 45 m long. The stipes are unbranched and each has a gas bladder at its base.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Peacocks tail
| latin_name = Padina pavonica
| color = tan
| image = Padina pavonia.jpg
| image_caption =
| description = ''Padina pavonica'', commonly known as Peacocks tail, is a brown alga found in Atlantic Ocean. It is known to act as an elastin precursor when applied topically, signaling collagen production in the skin, thereby increasing the skin's elasticity.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Spiral wrack, Flat wrack
| latin_name = Fucus spiralis
| color = tan
| image = Fucus spiraus (Faroe stamp).jpg
| image_caption =''Fucus spiralis''
| description =''Fucus spiralis'' is olive brown in color and similar to ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Fucus serratus''. It grows to about 30 cm long and branches somewhat irregularly. It attached by a discoid holdfast. The flattened blade has a distinct midrib and is usually spirally twisted without a serrated edge, as are to be seen in ''Fucus serratus'', and it does not show air-vesicles, as is ''Fucus vesiculosus''.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Bladder wrack
| latin_name = Fucus vesiculosus
| color = tan
| image = Fucus vesiculosus Wales.jpg
| image_caption =
| range = ''Fucus vesiculosus'' is one of the most common algae on the shores of the British Isles. It is recorded from the Atlantic shores of Europe, the Baltic Sea, Greenland, Azores, Canary Islands and Madeira. It also appears on the Atlantic coast of North America from Ellesmere Island, Hudson Bay to North Carolina.
| description = Fucus vesiculosus is a very variable alga. It can grow to 100 cm or more and is easily recognized by the small gas–filled vesicles which occur in pairs on either side of a central midrib running along the center of the strap-like frond. It was the original source of iodine, discovered in 1811, and was used extensively to treat goiter, a swelling of the thyroid gland related to iodine deficiency. A common food in Japan, bladder wrack is used as an additive and flavouring in various food products in Europe. Bladder wrack is commonly found as a component of kelp tablets or powders used as nutritional supplements. It is sometimes loosely called "kelp", but that term technically refers to a different seaweed.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Toothed wrack, Serrated wrack
| latin_name = Fucus serratus
| color = tan
| image = Fucus serratus2.jpg
| image_caption =
| description =''Fucus serratus'' is a seaweed of the north Atlantic Ocean, known as toothed wrack or serrated wrack. It is olive–brown and similar to F. vesiculosus and Fucus spiralis. It grows from a discoid holdfast. The fronds are flat, about 2 cm wide, bifurcating, and up to 1 m long including a short stipe. The flattened blade has a distinct midrib and is readily distinguished from related taxa by the serrated edge of the fronds. It does not have air vesicles, such as are found in F. vesiculosus, nor is it spirally twisted like F. spiralis.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name =Knotted wrack, Egg wrack
| latin_name = Ascophyllum nodosum
| color = tan
| image = Laminaria.jpg
| image_caption =Two fronds of ''Laminaria digitata'' washed up on the foreshore of Anglesey, Wales, UK; background is mostly ''Ascophyllum nodosum''.
| description =Ascophyllum nodosum is an edible seaweed of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Ascophyllum nodosum has long fronds with large egg-shaped air-bladders set in the fronds at regular intervals and not stalked. The fronds can reach 2 m in length. They are attached by a holdfast to rocks and boulders. The fronds are olive-brown in color and somewhat compressed but without a mid-rib.

This seaweed grows quite slowly and can live for several decades; it may take approximately five years before becoming fertile.
| range = It is common on the northwestern coast of Europe (from Svalbard to Portugal) including east Greenland [1] and the northeastern coast of North America.
}}

===Red Algae===
{{Species id
| common_name = Irish moss
| latin_name = Chondrus crispus
| color = red
| image = Koeh-034.jpg
| image_caption = ''Chondrus crispus''
| range = ''Chondrus crispus'' grows abundantly along the rocky parts of the Atlantic coast of Europe and North America. It can also be found in the Northern Pacific Ocean and parts of the Mediterranean.
| description =Chondrus crispus is a relatively small red algae little more than 20cms long growing from a discoid holdfast and branching in a dichotomous, fan-like, manner four or five times. The morphology is very variable, especially the broadness of the thalli. The branches are 2 - 15 mm broad, firm in texture and dark reddish brown in color bleaching to yellowish in sunlight. In its fresh condition the plant is soft and cartilaginous, varying in color from a greenish-yellow to a dark purple or purplish-brown; but when washed and sun-dried for preservation it has a yellowish translucent horn-like aspect and consistency. The principal constituent of Irish moss is a mucilaginous body, of which it contains about 55%; the plant also has nearly 10% of protein and about 15% of mineral matter, and is rich in iodine and sulphur. When softened in water it has a sea-like odour, and because of the abundant mucilage it will form a jelly when boiled, containing from 20 to 30 times its weight of water.

Irish moss is a major source of carrageenan, which is commonly used as a thickener and stabilizer in milk products such as ice cream and processed foods.
}}

{{Species id
| common_name = Nori
| latin_name = Porphyra
| color = red
| image = Porphyra yezoensis.jpg
| image_caption =Porphyra yezoensis
| description = Porphyra is a foliose red algal genus of laver, comprising approximately 70 species. It grows in the intertidal, typically between the upper intertidal to the splash zone. In East Asia, is used to produce the sea vegetable products nori (in Japan) and gim (in Korea), the most commonly eaten seaweed. It is considered that there are 60 to 70 species of Porphyra worldwide and seven in the British Isles.
}}
{{clear}}
{{TODO|Other Species to investigate:
:*Prionitis lyallii
:*Neorhodemela larix (Black Larch)
:*Mazzaella affinis
:*Endocladia muricata (Nail-brush Seaweed)
:*Osmundea spectabilis (Sea Fern)
:*Hymenena flabelligera
}}


==References==
* [http://flickr.com/photos/seaweedlady Seaweed Lady on Flickr] has ''many'' photos of various seaweeds.
* http://www.csd509j.net/cvhs/berand/Marine2007-2008/Labs/Student%20Pressing%20Algae%20Lab.doc - information on drying and mounting algae
[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Completed Honors|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/Native American Lore - Advanced/Answer Key

2009-06-03T00:49:17Z

65.175.172.80: /* 3. Participate in a meal using as many Indian foods and cooking methods as possible. */

{{honor_header|2|1976|Arts and Crafts|General Conference}}

==1. Have the Indian Lore Honor. ==
{{ay_prerequisite|Arts and Crafts|Indian Lore}}

==2. Know and have a list of at least 40 foods introduced to us by the Indians of North and South America. ==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/Arts and Crafts/Indian Lore/Foods}}

==3. Participate in a meal using as many Indian foods and cooking methods as possible. ==
{{TODO|Find recipes for each of these foods and include them here}}
* Acorn mush
* [[w:Hoecake|Hoecake]]
* [[W:Succotash|Succotash]]
* Wojape
* Psindamoakan, a Lenape hunter's food made of parched cornmeal mixed with maple sugar
* [[W:Corn bread|Corn bread]]

*Non-vegetarian options
** Dried meats (jerky, pemmican)
** Buffalo stew

==4. Name five drugs or medicine plants used by the Indians. ==
We do not recommend that you attempt to treat any sicknesses using the plants listed here. Doing so could certainly endanger your health.

{{EWP
| name = Boneset
| image = Boneset.jpg
| description = Eupatorium perfoliatum or boneset is a common perennial plant native to the Eastern United States and Canada. It is also called "agueweed", "feverwort" or "sweating-plant". The plant grows about 1m tall, with leaves that clasp the stems and dense clusters of white heads held above the foliage.
| range = Nova Scotia to Florida, as well as from Louisiana and Texas through North Dakota.
| use = It was introduced to American colonists by Indians who used the plant for breaking fevers by means of heavy sweating.
}}

{{EWP
| name = Willow
| image = Willow.jpg
| description = The willows all have abundant watery juice, furrowed scaly bark which is heavily charged with salicylic acid, soft, pliant, tough wood, slender branches and large fibrous roots. These roots are remarkable for their toughness, size, and tenacity of life.
| range = Found primarily on moist soils in cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
| use = The leaves and bark of the willow tree have been used as a remedy for aches and fever by many cultures. Native Americans across the American continent relied on it as a staple of their medical treatments.
}}

{{EWP
| name = Common Yarrow
| image = Achillea millefolium.jpg
| description = Common Yarrow (''Achillea millefolium'') is an erect herbaceous perennial plant that produces one to several stems (0.2 to 1m tall). Leaves are evenly distributed along the stem, with the leaves near the middle and bottom of the stem being the largest. The leaves have varying degrees of hairiness. The leaves are 5-20 cm long, bipinnate or tripinnate, almost feathery, and arranged spirally on the stems.
| range =
| use = The herb is purported to be a diaphoretic, astringent, tonic, stimulant and mild aromatic. It contains isovaleric acid, salicylic acid, asparagin, sterols, flavonoids, bitters, tannins, and coumarins. The plant also has a long history as a powerful 'healing herb' used topically for wounds, cuts and abrasions. Navajo Indians consider it to be a "life medicine", and chewed it for toothaches, and poured an infusion into ears for earaches.
}}

{{EWP
| name = Wintergreen
| image = Gaultheria procumbens.JPG
| description = Wintergreen is low-growing, typically reaching 10–15 cm tall. The leaves are evergreen, elliptic to ovate, 2–5 cm long and 1–2 cm broad, with a distinct oil of wintergreen scent. The flowers are bell-shaped, 6–8 mm long, white, borne solitary or in short racemes. The fruit is an edible red berry 8–15 mm diameter.
| range = Eastern U.S. and Canada
| use = Wintergreen contains methyl salicylate, which was used by Native Americans to bring down fever and as a pain killer.
}}

{{EWP
| name = Partridge berry
| image = Mitchella.repens01.jpg
| description = This evergreen plant is a creeping, but not climbing, vine, 15-30 cm long. The evergeen dark-green leaves are opposite, ovate to cordate, with a pale yellow midrib. The petioles are short. Roots may grow at the internodes, forming loose mats. It is part of the undergrowh vegetation in many forests.
| range = The species is dispersed throughout eastern North America
| use = A tea brewed from partridge berry was given to women in the last two weeks of their pregnancies to ease childbirth.
}}

==5. Discuss the Indians of your area with regard to: a. Tribes located there b. Homes and clothing c. Native crafts performed, such as basketry, pottery, mats, etc. d. Religious practices e. Form of Government If you do not live in North America, choose any of the following for study. Northeast, Southeast, Northwest, Southwest==
===Northeast===

====Tribes====
Algonquian tribes of the New England area include Mohegan, Pequot, Narragansett, Wampanoag, Massachusett, Nipmuck, Pennacook, and Passamaquoddy. The Abenaki tribe is located in Maine and eastern Quebec. These tribes practiced some agriculture. The Maliseet of Maine, Quebec and New Brunswick, and the Mi'kmaq tribes of the Canadian Maritime provinces lived primarily on fishing. Further north are the Betsiamites, Atikamekw, Algonkin and Montagnais/Naskapi (Innu). The Beothuk people of Newfoundland are also believed to have been Algonquians, but they disappeared in the early 19th century and few records of their language or culture remain. In the west, Ojibwe/Chippewa, Ottawa, Potawatomi, and a variety of Cree groups lived in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan, Western Ontario and the Canadian Prairies. The Arapaho, Blackfoot and Cheyenne are also indigenous to the Great Plains. In the Midwest lived the Shawnee, Illiniwek, Kickapoo, Menominee, Miami, and Sac and Fox, many of whom have since been displaced over great distances through Indian removal. In the mid- and south-Atlantic are the traditional homes of the Powhatan, Lumbee, Nanticoke, Lenape (Munsee and Unami speakers), and Mahican peoples.

====Homes====
<gallery perrow=2 widths=300px>
File:Wigwam Indigenous peoples.JPG|A typical '''wigwam''' in the Northeast has a curved surface which can hold up against the worst weather. The male of the family was responsible for the framing of the wigwam. Young green tree saplings, of just about any type of wood, about ten to fifteen feet long were cut down. These tree saplings were then bent by stretching the wood. While these saplings were being bent, a circle was drawn on the ground. The diameter of the circle varied from ten to sixteen feet. The bent saplings were then placed over the drawn circle, using the tallest saplings in the middle and the shorter ones on the outside. The saplings formed arches all in one direction on the circle. The next set of saplings was used to wrap around the wigwam to give the shelter support. When the two sets of saplings were finally tied together, the sides and roof were placed on it. The sides of the wigwam were usually bark stripped from trees.

File:Long House Iroquois Allen.jpg|'''Longhouses''' were built by native peoples in various parts of North America, sometimes reaching over 100 meters long (330 feet) but generally around 5 to 7 meters wide (16-23 ft). The construction method was also different: the dominant theory is that walls were made of sharpened and fire-hardened poles (up to 1,000 saplings for a 50 meter house) driven into the ground {?} had a roof of leaves and grass. Strips of bark were then woven horizontally through the lines of poles to form more or less weatherproof walls with doors usually in one end of the house, although doors also were built into sides of especially long longhouses.They were long and had fireplaces that kept them warm.
</gallery>
====Clothing====
<gallery perrow=2 widths=300px>
File:Mary Kim Titla.jpg|'''Buckskins''' are clothing, usually consisting of a jacket and leggings, made from buckskin, a soft sueded leather from the hide of deer or elk. Buckskins are often trimmed with fringe (originally a functional detail, to allow the garment to dry faster when it was soaking wet because the fringe acted as wicks to soak away the water, or quills.

File:Beadedmoccasins.jpg|A '''moccasin''' is a shoe made of deerskin or other soft leather, consisting of a sole and sides made of one piece of leather, stitched together at the top, and sometimes with a vamp (additional panel of leather). The sole is soft and flexible and the upper part often is adorned with embroidery or beading, et cetera.
</gallery>

====Crafts====
====Religious Practices====
====Government====

===Southeast===

====Tribes====
====Homes====
====Clothing====
====Crafts====
====Religious Practices====
====Government====

===Northwest===

====Tribes====
====Homes====
====Clothing====
<gallery perrow=2 widths=300>
File:Button blanket.jpg|A Native American tradition introduced after European contact , '''Button Blankets''' are particular to the Pacific Northwest tribes. Rather than sleeping equipment, the blankets are used as capes and gifts at ceremonial dances and potlatches.
</gallery>

====Crafts====
====Religious Practices====
====Government====

===Southwest===

====Tribes====
====Homes====
====Clothing====
====Crafts====
====Religious Practices====
====Government====

==6. Name ten articles used by the Indians in their religious ceremonies. ==
* Eagle feathers
* Peyote (a spineless cactus)
* Eagle bone whistle
* Peace pipe
* Drums
* Gourd Dance Eagle Fan
* Gourd rattle
* Medicine wheel (stones structure)
* Smudge stick (charred bundle of dried herbs)
* Sweat lodge
* Tomahawk
* Wampum

==7. Explain two methods of mounting and displaying arrowheads. ==
Arrowheads are typically mounted in a shadow box. This is a shallow wooden box with a removable glass cover. The bottom of the box is covered with a photo framing mat. The arrowheads can be sewn to the mat with monofilament, tied down with leather lacing, or they can be glued down. If gluing, be sure to use a reversible glue, such as hot melt.

==8. Explain one method of restoring and mending damaged arrowheads, ollas, blankets, and baskets. ==
It is probably best to leave the repair of a valuable artifact to a professional. We do not intend to provide instruction here in sufficient detail to allow a Pathfinder to attempt a repair, but rather outline the procedures used.
===Arrowheads===
Broken arrowheads can usually be glued back together using Cyanoacrylate (such as Superglue, or Krazy Glue). Apply a drop or two of glue to one surface, join the pieces together, and hold them in position for a minute to allow the glue to set. Once it sets, leave it alone for a couple of hours. If any glue came to the surface of the crack, scrape it off with an X-Acto knife.

===Ollas (pottery)===
Pottery is sometimes repaired using the "sandbox and Elmers" approach. First a container larger enough to hold the pot (in its ''whole'' form) is obtained, and a little sand is added to the bottom. Then a two pieces from the bottom of the pottery are glued together using a water-soluble glue (such as Elmers). The glued piece are placed in the sandbox, and sand is packed around them to hold them in position. Then another piece is glued on, and sand is packed around it as well. This process is repeated until the entire pot has been reassembled. Once the glue has had sufficient time to dry (don't rush it), the pot is removed from the sand.
*Adapted from http://www.artifactsguide.com/discus/messages/12/7194.html?1043987387

===Blankets===
Before you begin, you should have the blanket dry cleaned.
This is especially true if the damage needing repair was caused by moths. Dry cleaning will kill any eggs and larvae still present in the blanket and prevent the damage from recurring.

Wool blankets can be repaired by one of two methods: reweaving, or felting. Reweaving is an art best left to professionals, but felting is within reach of the amateur.

It is well known that if fine wool is dampened and packed into a boot, the boot placed on a foot, and then walked on, after a while the wool will be compacted into felt. The same can be done without the use of a boot. Felt can also be made by rolling it out onto a flat surface.

Place the blanket on a table, and cover the hole with a wad of fine wool. Then get out a rolling pin and go over it repeatedly. This will convert the wool into felt, and as it does so, will bond the felt with the wool in the blanket. To further this process, the patched area can then be pressed with a hot iron (use steam) until the edges of the patch disappear into the surrounding blanket.

===Baskets===
Repairing a valuable basket should not be attempted except by a professional. A low-value basket could be the subject of an amateur repair, and will yield insights into basket construction techniques.

;Weavers: If a weaver is broken, it should be cut off near a rib. A new weaver should be selected and an attempt t omatch the color should be made. A new weaver could be stained with coffee or tea to approximate the color of an existing one. Once color matched, the new weaver should be worked into the weave and overlap the old weaver. If desired, a little white glue can be pressed into service for a stronger repair.

;Ribs: A broken rib can also be replaced. A new (color matched) rib should be woven in right along side the broken rib. Once it is in place, the broken rib can be removed.

==9. Name and locate at least ten different tribes of the present day and tell for what each is noted. ==
==10. Experiment with plant dyes as used by the Indians and try to obtain at least two shades of color. ==
===The dying process===
Gather your plants from an area where the species you are after is abundant. Be sure to not take more than two-thirds of the plants from any one area. Natural fabrics work best with natural dyes, so choose cotton or wool (you can use yarn if you like).

The amount of material needed for the dyepot varies. For four ounces of cloth or yarn, use 12 ounces of plant material, one ounce of alum, and 1/4 ounce of cream of tartar in four quarts of water. Soak skeins of white yarn or material in plain water for 24 hours before dyeing.

'''Create Dye'''
# Put water in a large pot, add shredded plant parts (place in net bag)
# Simmer 1/2 to 1 hour (just below the boiling point)
# Strain out material (remove net bag)

'''Dye Fibers'''
# Add alum and cream of tartar to water and stir (cream of tartar helps keep fibers soft)
# Put in pre-moistened fiber/yarn
# Simmer until material is a little darker than you desire, stirring and submerging occasionally
# Remove from heat

'''Remove Fibers from Bath and Dry'''
# Rinse (starting with warm water) until cool
# Hang to dry

Be sure to wash the cloth by itself the first time you launder it. The last thing you want to do is accidentally dye your ''other'' clothes!

* http://www.nps.gov/archive/grsa/resources/curriculum/elem/lesson24.htm

===Plants and colors===
You can get some of these plants at a grocery store even in the winter. Others will need to be gathered in the warmer months.
;Red: Rose hips, beets, dandelion roots
;Orange: Onion skins, sassafras leaves
;Yellow: Queen Anne's lace (carrot), burdock, dandelion flowers
;Green: Red onion skins, plantain roots
;Blue-Purple: Poke berries, grapes, blueberries, blackberries, red cabbage
;Brown: Walnut hulls, acorns, oak leaves
;Black-gray: Sumac leaves, iris roots

http://www.pioneerthinking.com/naturaldyes.html

==11. Do one of the following: ==
===a. Visit an Indian museum ===
If you know of an Indian museum in your area, by all means, look into visiting that one. You may also consult [http://www.hanksville.org/NAresources/indices/NAmuseums.html this web site] to find one in your area, or use an Internet search engine to look for "Indian Museum ''state''" where ''state'' is the name of the state in which you wish to find an Indian museum. Also try replacing the word ''"Indian"'' with ''"Native American"''.

===b. Visit Indian ruins or mounds ===
See the Wikipedia category [[w:Category:Mound builders|Mound builders]] for a list of several Indian mounds throughout the United States.

===c. Make a personal visit with an Indian ===
If you know a Native American, invite him or her to speak to your Pathfinder club. If you do not personally know a Native American, find an Indian museum as described in section ''a'' of this requirement and contact them. They may be able to put you in touch with a Native American who is willing to share his or her culture with you.

===d. Visit an Indian village or reservation ===
There are about 300 Indian reservations in the United states. Wikipedia has a [[w:List of Indian reservations in the United States|List of Indian reservations in the United States]]. In Canada, these are called Indian reserves, and Wikipedia has [[w:Indian reserve|an article]] covering those as well.

==References==
* [http://books.google.com/books?id=QS8aAAAAMAAJ A Manual of Mending & Repairing] By Charles Godfrey Leland, Published by Dodd, Mead and Co., 1896. Original from the University of Michigan, digitized by Google Oct 6, 2006

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]