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AY Honors/Cacti - Advanced/Answer Key

2007-05-14T00:41:39Z

64.252.208.166: /* 3. Know the definitions of the following terms within a cacti/succulents frame of reference. */

{{honor_header|3|1999|Nature General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. What are succulents?==
Succulent plants, also known as succulents or fat plants are water-retaining plants adapted to xerophilic climatic or soil conditions. Succulent plants store water in their leaves, stems and/or roots. The storage of water often gives succulent plants a more swollen or fleshy appearance than other plants, also known as succulence. In addition to succulence, succulent plants variously have other water-saving features.

==2. Identify from plants or photos five succulents that are not cacti. How are they different from cacti?==
===Agave===
[[Image:Agave americana a-m.jpg|thumb|Agave]]
Agave is the name of a succulent plant of a large botanical genus of the same name, belonging to the family Agavaceae. Chiefly Mexican, they occur also in the southern and western United States and in central and tropical South America. The plants have a large rosette of thick fleshy leaves generally ending in a sharp point and with a spiny margin; the stout stem is usually short, the leaves apparently springing from the root. Along with plants from the related genus Yucca, various Agave species are popular ornamental plants. Each rosette is monocarpic and grows slowly to flower only once. During flowering a tall stem or "mast" grows from the center of the leaf rosette and bears a large number of shortly tubular flowers. After development of fruit the original plant dies, but suckers are frequently produced from the base of the stem which become new plants.
 
===Aloe===
[[Image:Aloe vera 2web.jpg|thumb|Aloe vera]]
Aloe, also written Aloë, is a genus containing about four hundred species of flowering succulent plants, the most well known of which is '''Aloe vera'''.

The genus is native to Africa and is common in South Africa's Cape Province and the mountains of tropical Africa, and neighbouring areas such as Madagascar, the Arabian peninsula and the islands off Africa.
 

===Sedum===
[[Image:Succulent 6cepholina.jpg|thumb|Sedum]]
Sedum is the large stonecrop genus of the Crassulaceae, representing about 400 species of leaf succulents, found throughout the northern hemisphere, varying from annual groundcovers to shrubs. The plants have water-storing leaves and a typical form of blossom with five petals, seldom four or six. There are typically twice as many stamens as petals.

Many sedums are extensively cultivated as garden plants, due to their interesting and attractive appearance and hardiness. The various species differ in their requirements; some are cold-hardy but do not tolerate heat, some require heat but do not tolerate cold. They are preferred to grass for green roofs, popular in Germany and some other countries.
 

===Ice Plant===
[[Image:Carpobrotus edulis01.jpg|thumb|Ice plant]]
The common name Ice Plant refers to Carpobrotus edulis, a creeping, mat-forming succulent species, and member of the Stone Plant family Aizoaceae, one of about 30 species in the genus Carpobrotus. It is also known as the Highway Ice Plant, Pigface or Hottentot Fig and in South Africa as the Sour Fig, on account of its edible fruit. It was previously classified in genus Mesembryanthemum and is sometimes referred to by this name.

The Ice Plant is a native of South Africa. In the early 1900s C. edulis was brought to California from South Africa to stabilize soil along railroad tracks and was later put to use by Caltrans for similar purposes. Thousands of acres were planted in California until the 1970s. It easily spreads by seed (hundreds per fruit) and from segmentation (any shoot segment can produce roots). Its succulent foliage, bright magenta or yellow flowers, and resistance to some harsh coastal climatic conditions (salt) have also made it a favoured garden plant. The Ice Plant was for several decades widely promoted as an ornamental plant, and it is still available at some nurseries. Ice Plant foliage can turn a vibrant red to yellow in color.
 

===Jade Plant===
[[Image:Crassula ovata 700.jpg|thumb|Jade Plant]]
Commonly known as jade plant or friendship tree, Crassula ovata is a succulent plant that sometimes has small pink or white flowers. Jade Plants are evergreen succulents native to South Africa where the environmental conditions are dry with little rainfall.

The plant itself can be identified with thick branches and smooth, rounded and fleshy leaves that grow in opposing pairs along the branches. The species has a jade green color to the leaves, and some species can also develop a red tinge on the edges of leaves when exposed to high levels of sunlight. The growth pattern and structure of the succulent is evenly distributed. Dependent on the environment in which it is in, the plant produces small white or pink star like flowers that adorn the ends of new stalks in the Spring.

Jade plants are popularly used as houseplants around the world. They are propagated by stem or leaf cuttings. As succulents, they require a normal watering when the soil is dry in the summer, and very little watering in the winter. Overwatering will cause them to lose their leaves and eventually the stem will rot away. They will grow in full sun to light shade. However, they do not tolerate extreme heat or overexposure to direct sun very well, showing damage ranging from scorched leaves to loss of foliage and rotting stems. Most of the common species will tolerate a limited degree of frost but overexposure to cold weather will kill them.
 
{{TODO|How are they different from cacti?}}

==3. Know the definitions of the following terms within a cacti/succulents frame of reference.==

;a. Areole: Areoles are the distinctive feature of cacti, and identify them as a separate family from other succulent plants.

;b. Cephalium: Cephalium is a frequently brightly colored, structure of wool and bristle at the growing tip of certain cacti. It is most commonly found on cacti of the genus Melocactus and can take a number of colors, forms and shapes.

;c. Coalesce: Coalesce is when two objects grow together.

;d. Corymb: A corymb is similar to a panicle with the same branching structure, but with the lower flowers having longer stems, thus giving a flattish top superficially resembling an umbel.

;e. Diurnal: A plant or animal that is active in the daytime

;f. Epiphyte: An epiphyte is an organism that grows upon or attached to a living plant.

;g. Glochid: Glochids are tiny, almost invisible barbed hairs found on the areoles of some cacti and other plants.

;h. Nocturnal: Primarily active during the night.

;i. Offshoot: Offshoots are lateral shoots that are produced on the main stem of a plant.

;j. Panicle: A panicle is a compound raceme, a loose, much-branched indeterminate inflorescence with pedicellate flowers (and fruit) attached along the secondary branches (in other words, a branched cluster of flowers in which the branches are racemes).

;k. Scale: Scale are small insects of the order Hemiptera, most of which are parasites of plants, feeding on sap drawn directly from the plant's vascular system.

;l. Stolon: A stolon, commonly referred to as a runner, is an aerial shoot from a plant with the ability to produce adventitious roots and new clones of the same plant.

;m. Zygomorphic: Having bilateral symmetry

==4. When raising succulents — including cacti — they may be attacked by maladies. What are the most common and how can you prevent or cure the problems?==

The most common cactus malady is mold, usually caused by overwatering. If mold is detected on a cactus, the affected part should be cut off as soon as possible, using a sharp knife. Then the wound should be sprinkled with sulphur or a fungicide. If the roots are affected, the core of the cacti is probably also affected and the plant will almost certainly die.

The only pests that bother cacti are a type of scale insect of the family Coccoidea, and nematodes. Scale insects may be killed by squirting the plant with a mixture of rubbing alcohol and nicotine. If nematodes are detected, the roots of the cactus must be cut off with a sharp knife and the plant repotted in sterile soil until it grows new roots. The old soil should be sterilized and the removed roots should be burned.

==5. Propagate at least one plant by using one of the following methods: from seed, by cuttings, or grafting.==
==References==

*http://users.lycaeum.org/~iamklaus/grow.htm

AY Honors/Housekeeping/Answer Key

2007-05-14T00:03:03Z

64.252.208.166: /* 9. What is meant by keeping a home "baby safe"? */

{{honor_header|2|1929|Household Arts General Conference 2001 Edition}}

==1. Have the Laundering Honor. ==

{{Ay prerequisite|Household Arts|Laundering}}

==2. List items used in keeping a house clean. ==
* Broom and dustpan
* Vacuum cleaner
* Mop and bucket
* Dust cloths
* Toilet brush
* Scrub brushes
* Paper towels
* Furniture polish
* Window cleaner
* All-purpose cleaners
* Sponges

==3. Describe the best way to keep stoves, microwave ovens, and refrigerators clean.==
The best way to keep these items clean is by cleaning them ''often''. As soon as something is spilled on the stovetop, in the microwave, or in the fridge, it is a ''lot'' easier to clean ''then'' than it will be later when the spilled item hardens.

==4. Under what conditions do germs and pests thrive? Give ways of cleaning each of the following: basement, closets, cupboards, sinks, floors and toilets. ==
Germs and pests love filth, and that is the primary reason for keeping things clean. Germs and pests carry and spread disease, so keeping the house clean will also help keep its occupants healthy.

===Basement===
Basements should be swept frequently and kept as dry as possible. If the basement is prone to wetness, it should not be carpeted and nothing should be stored on the floor. Rather, everything should be placed on top of pallets or shelves so that the dampness cannot get into the items stored and cause them to mold. A wet basement should be treated for mold and mildew.

If possible, find the source of the wetness and have it repaired.

===Closets===
Closets should be kept neat and orderly. Closet organizers, shoe racks, and shelves are excellent aids in this endeavor. It's a good idea to air out the closet occasionally, and the floors should be swept or vacuumed whenever the house is cleaned.
=== Cupboards===
Cupboards should be periodically emptied and wiped down. If the shelves are lined with shelf paper, the paper can be changed every now and then to freshen the look of the cupboards.
===Sinks===
Sinks should be cleaned frequently. This can be done with dish soap and a sponge or a wash cloth. Stainless steel sinks can be scrubbed with steel wool. If the sink has a garbage disposal, the rubber gasket around the drain should be removed and cleaned frequently too (they get pretty gross). Run citrus peels through the disposal to freshen it up.
===Floors===
Hardwood, tile, or linoleum floors should be swept and mopped. Carpeted floors should be vacuumed frequently and steam cleaned every now and then.
===Toilets===
Toilets should be scrubbed on the inside with a toilet brush. Especially important is the area just under the rim. A toilet cleaner should be used to do this. The seat, rim, and lid also need to be wiped down with a general-purpose cleaner, as does the outside of the bowl and the tank.

==5. State the proper way to prepare dishes for washing, either in the sink or dishwasher. State the order in which silver, glass, table, and kitchen dishes should be washed. ==
Scrape all leftover food into a garbage disposal or into the trash. Dishes with tough, stuck-on food may need to be soaked before it can be cleaned. Oatmeal becomes almost cement-like if it hardens in the bowl or pot, so soaking is almost absolutely a requirement. This is true whether the dish will be hand washed or machine washed.

Modern dishwashers do not require that the dish be rinsed before running it through the cycle - the dishwasher will rinse them at least as well as you will. If washing them by hand, it is a good idea to rinse them off first so that you do not spoil the water. It is difficult to get anything clean with dirty water! Once the dishes are prepared for washing, they should be stacked.

Glasses should be washed first, followed by silverware, table dishes, and finally kitchen dishes. In general, the order is to wash the cleanest items first, saving the dirtiest items for last. Glasses are difficult to get clean unless the dishwater is grease-free, so that is the reason they should be done first even if they are more dirty than the silver or table dishes. Keep an eye on the dishwater - if it becomes disgusting, change it!

==6. How should rugs, carpets, pillows, upholstered furniture, papered walls, painted walls, floors, and windows be cleaned? ==
===Rugs===
Rugs can be taken outside and shaken out, or even hung over a line and beaten. Keep shaking or beating the rug until dirt stops coming out.
===Carpets===
Carpets should be vacuumed frequently and steam-cleaned every now and then. If something is spilled on a carpet, it should be cleaned up right away. The best way to do this is by placing an absorbent material (dish towel, wash cloth, or paper towel) over the spill and pressing. As it absorbs the spill, move a dry area of the towel over the spill and continue until it no longer comes up wet. Some spills should be treated with an upholstery/carpet cleaner immediately after this or the carpet will be permanently stained (juices) or bleached (vomit).
===Pillows===
Pillows usually have an outer covering that can be removed and machine washed. Let the padded portion of the pillow air out while the cover is laundered.
===Upholstered furniture===
Furniture upholstered with cloth can (and should) be vacuumed whenever the carpets are vacuumed. Remove the cushions and vacuum the undersides, as well as the portion of the furniture underneath them. They can also be touched up with an upholstery cleaner. Follow the directions on the bottle.

Furniture upholstered with leather can be wiped down with a damp cloth, and should be cleaned occasionally with a leather cleaner. Be sure that the leather cleaner you choose is for furniture, or you may end up with stains on your clothing.
===Papered walls===
Papered walls should be cleaned with a slightly dampened cloth. Be careful not to get the paper too wet or it may peel off.
===Painted walls===
Painted walls are more durable than papered walls, so they can be scrubbed down with soapy water. Glossy finishes clean easier than satin or flat finishes, so when choosing a paint, keep that in mind. A bathroom, kitchen, or small child's room might be better served with a glossy finish. A ceiling or master bedroom can be painted with a flat paint (if desired).
===Floors===
Hardwood, tile, and linoleum floors should be swept frequently and mopped occasionally. Always sweep right before mopping. To mop a floor, fill a mop bucket half way with warm or hot water, and add a floor cleaner to it. Submerge the mop under the water, pull it up, wring it out, and then pass it over the floor, "painting" the entire surface of the floor. Plan out where you will mop so that you do not have to walk over the damp floor. It is best to do this chore when small children are outside, not home, or asleep, as they sometimes have difficulty understanding that they should not walk on a wet floor.
===Windows===
Windows should be washed with window cleaner or with a mixture of vinegar and water. Spray the cleaner on the glass, and then wipe if off, being careful to not leave streaks. When washing both sides of the glass, make the last pass horizontally on the inside and vertically on the outside (or vice versa) so that you can tell which side of the glass a streak is on.

==7. How is trash disposed of in your community? ==
This answer book cannot know how trash is disposed of in ''your'' community. You will need to check with your local government for that information. Waste is most commonly placed in a landfill or incinerated. Some communities require that waste be sorted - yard waste, recyclables, construction waste, household waste, and toxic waste are all treated differently.

==8. What precautions should be taken in cleaning out a fireplace? ==
The main danger to be concerned with when cleaning out a fireplace is that of starting an accidental fire. Be sure the ash contains no embers by waiting until no fire has been burning for at least 12 hours. Cover the ashes with damp newspaper to keep the dust down, then shovel the ash into a bag, seal and take the bag outside. You may wish to wear a dust mask when doing this, and you may wish to cover the hearth with a tarp to contain the mess. Do not douse a fire in a fireplace with water except in an emergency, as this can cause the firebox to crack. It will also cause the ash to harden and stick to the brick, making it difficult to clean.

Be sure to have the chimney cleaned by a professional annually so that soot and creosote do not build up - this is a fire hazard.

==9. What is meant by keeping a home "baby safe"? ==
Babies have ways of making their own danger. A house that is "baby safe" has been examined and actions taken to prevent a baby from endangering itself (or others). Unused outlets are covered so that the baby cannot insert paper clips, coins, or other conductive items into them. Cleaners, poisons, and other toxic items are stored out of the baby's reach or locked where they are inaccessible. Stairways are gated so the baby cannot fall down (or climb up and ''then'' fall down). Items smaller than a golf ball should also be stored out of a baby's reach, as these are choking hazards. Babies explore the world with their mouths, so they may try to "eat" anything that they can fit into their mouths.

==10. Plan and do the work in a house for one week. ==
Whoever normally does this task will thank you, and if that person is you - well, at least you're getting an honor out of your effort now.

==References==
* http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/67462/cleaning_a_fireplace.html

AY Honors/Kites/Answer Key

2007-05-13T23:04:15Z

64.252.208.166: /* 5. What is a common cause of kite failure? */

{{honor_header|1|1986|Recreation General Conference 2001}}

==1. When were kites first made and flown? Name at least three ways kites have helped in scientific research and tell how each has affected the world we live in. Tell the story of Benjamin Franklin and his kite.==
==2. Name some of the ways that kites might be used today.==
==3. Explain briefly how kites fly.==
==4. Define the following terms:==
===a. Spine ===
===b. Spar ===
===c. Vent ===
===d. Bowstring ===
===e. Cover ===
===f. Frame===
===g. Tail===
===h. Keel===
===i. Flying line===
===j. Bridle===
===k. Reel===
==5. What is a common cause of kite failure?==
:Lack of wind, trees, power lines, and essential parts of th kite breaking (e.g. to much wind can break the kite string.)

==6. What should be done when a kite loops during flight?==
==7. Why is a tail sometimes needed on a kite?==
==8. Know at least three safety rules for kite flying.==
==9. Do the following:==
===a. Correctly wind line on a stick.===
===b. Tie broken ends with the fisherman's knot.===
==10. Make and successfully fly two of the following kites:==
===a. Sled kite===
===b. Flat kite===
===c. Two-stick diamond kite===
===d. Delta wing kite===
===e. Eddy or Malay kite ===
===f. Box kite===
===g. Tetrahedral kite===

==References==

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]

AY Honors/First Aid, Basic/Answer Key

2007-05-13T22:14:25Z

64.252.208.166: /* Cross Contamination */

{{honor_header|1|1951|Note: The red oval on the patch designates “basic” level. General Conference 2001 Edition}}
If residing in the United States or another country where Red Cross instruction is given,
satisfactorily pass the Red Cross Examination in Basic First Aid and receive your
certificate.
In British countries pass the examination in St. John Ambulance and receive certificate
for the same.
Or complete the following requirements:
==1. Know the causes of shock and demonstrate its proper treatment.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Shock}}

==2. Know the proper steps for rescue breathing.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Rescue_breathing}}

==3. Know the proper procedures to assist a choking victim.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Choking}}

==4. Know the proper procedures to assist a bleeding victim.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Bleeding}}

==5. Know the pressure points and how to correctly apply pressure at these points.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Pressure_points}}

==6. Know the proper procedure to assist a victim of poisoning.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Poison}}

==7. Demonstrate the proper procedure in splinting various broken bones in the body.==
'''Splints'''
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Splints}}

'''Forearm'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Forearm_splint}}

'''Upper Arm'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Upper_arm_splint}}

'''Kneecap'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Kneecap_splint}}

'''Ankle'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Ankle_splint}}

==8. Know the proper procedure to assist a first, second, and third degree burn victim.==
{{:First aid/Burns}}

==9. Know the proper procedure to assist a victim of a chemical burn.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Chemical_burn}}

==10. Know what situations are likely to cause carbon monoxide poisoning and the rescue and treatment techniques for such poisoning.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Carbon_monoxide}}

==11. Know the proper procedure for giving assistance to the victim of a head injury.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Head_injury}}

==12. Know the proper procedure for giving aid to a victim of internal injuries.==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Internal injuries}}

==13. Know the difference between a heart attack, stroke, epilepsy, and simple fainting, and the treatment for each.==
===Heart Attack===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heart_attack}}
===Stroke===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Stroke}}
===Epilepsy===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Epilepsy}}
===Fainting===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Fainting}}

==14. Know how to prevent infection.==
Although infection may occur in any wound, it is a particular danger in wounds that do not bleed freely; in wounds in which torn tissue or skin falls back into place and prevents the entrance of air; and in wounds that involve the crushing of tissues. Incisions, in which there is a free flow of blood and relatively little crushing of tissues, are the least likely to become infected.

There are two types of bacteria commonly causing infection in wounds—aerobic and anaerobic. The former bacterial live and multiply in the presence of air or free oxygen, while the latter are bacterial that live and multiply only in the absence of air.

The principal aerobic bacteria that cause infection, inflammation, and blood poisoning are streptococci and staphylococci, some varieties of which destroy red blood cells. The staphylococci and streptococci may be introduced at the time of infliction, or they may be introduced to the wound later, at the time of first aid treatment or in the hospital if nonsterile instruments or dressings are employed.

Wash minor wounds immediately with soap and clean water; then dry and paint them with a mild, nonirritating antiseptic. Apply a dressing if necessary. In the first aid environment, do not attempt to wash or clean a large wound, and do not apply an antiseptic to it since it must be cleaned thoroughly at a medical treatment facility. Simply protect it with a large compress or dressing and transport the victim to a medical treatment facility. After an initial soap and water cleanup, puncture wounds must also be directed to a medical treatment facility for evaluation.

==15. What is the proper treatment for a snake bite?==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Snake_bite}}

==16. What is the proper treatment for animal bites?==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Animal_bites}}

==17. What is the proper treatment for insect and spider bites?==
'''Insect Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Insect_bites}}

'''Spider Bites'''

{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Spider_bites}}

==18. What is the difference between heat exhaustion and heat stroke, and what is the treatment for each?==
===Heat stroke===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat stroke}}
===Heat Exhaustion===
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Heat exhaustion}}

==19. What should you do if your clothes catch fire?==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Clothes_on_fire}}

==20. What are the basic fire prevention principles for the home?==
* If your home lacks smoke detectors, install them (it's not that hard).
* Replace the batteries and test your smoke detectors on a regular basis (when adjusting your clocks for daylight savings time, for example).
* Do not smoke or allow anyone else to smoke in your home.
* Never overload circuits or extension cords. Do not place cords and wires under rugs, over nails or in high traffic areas. Immediately shut off and unplug appliances that sputter, spark or emit an unusual smell. Have them professionally repaired or replaced.
* When using appliances follow the manufacturer's safety precautions. Overheating, unusual smells, shorts and sparks are all warning signs that appliances need to be shut off, then replaced or repaired. Unplug appliances when not in use. Use safety caps to cover all unused outlets, especially if there are small children in the home.
* Portable heaters need their space. Keep anything combustible at least three feet away.
* Keep fire in the fireplace. Use fire screens and have your chimney cleaned annually. The creosote buildup can ignite a chimney fire that could easily spread.
* Kerosene heaters should be used only where approved by authorities. Never use gasoline or camp-stove fuel. Refuel outside and only after the heater has cooled.
* Practice an escape plan from every room in the house. Caution everyone to stay low to the floor when escaping from fire and never to open doors that are hot. Select a location where everyone can meet after escaping the house. Get out then call for help.
* Keep your home clean and neat.

==21. What are the basic water safety principles?==
* Learn to swim.
* Swim in areas where a lifeguard is on duty
* Young children and weak swimmers should wear a personal floatation device (PFD) when they are around water.
* Set limits for inexperienced swimmers, such as not allowing them to enter water that is more than chest-deep.
* Inspect swimming areas for hazards such as underwater trees, holes, and swift currents.
* Swim parallel to the shore if caught in a rip tide.
* Get out of the water if there is a risk of a lightning strike.

==22. What are the ways to save a drowning victim without swimming?==
{{:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book/First aid/Non-swimming rescue}}

==23. What are the basic electrical safety principles?==
* Do not overload circuits or extension cords.
* Only use an extension cord that is rated to handle the current an appliance will use. An appliance's amperage is listed on the outside of the appliance.
* Shut off the power before working on a circuit.
* Unplug an appliance before servicing it.
* Water and electricity do not mix. Do not use an electric appliance when standing in a puddle of water or while in a bathtub or shower.
* Do not use a land-line telephone or touch any "wired" appliance during an electrical storm.
* Do not insert anything into an electrical socket other than an electrical plug which is in good condition.
* Replace broken or frayed electrical cords.

==24. How can you prevent food poisoning?==
Food poisoning is causes by eating food which is contaminated with any infectious or toxic agent such as bacteria or parasites. The two main ways food becomes contaminated is by improper storage, or by coming into contact with contaminated food (cross-contamination).

===Food Storage===
The basic rule for storing food is to pay attention to the temperature. Keep hot foods hot, and keep cold foods cold. Most bacteria will not grow in food that is hotter than 140°F (60°C), and bacterial growth is greatly slowed at temperatures below 40°F (4°C). It is unsafe to store foods susceptible to bacteria growth between these temperatures.

Food poisoning is often caused by eating left-overs that were not promptly refrigerated. As soon as the food temperature falls below 140°F (60°C), it should be refrigerated. The longer food is left in the "danger zone", the more bacteria will multiply in it. If it contains enough bacteria, it will overwhelm the body's immune system and sickness will result.

Be careful about refrigerating large quantities of hot food. For instance, the potato salad in the center of a two-gallon container can remain warm for ''hours'' after refrigeration - providing ample time for bacteria to multiply. Divide large quantities of food into smaller containers prior to refrigeration so that the food can cool throughout.

===Cross Contamination===
Cross contamination usually happens during food preparation. Raw meat and raw eggs should always be treated as if they were contaminated. Cooking them kills the bacteria and makes them safe to eat. Do not allow other food to come into contact with raw meat or eggs, or that food will become contaminated. Do not use the same utensils to handle raw meat and food that is ready to eat.

Wash your hands before you eat or cook, and always wash your hands after handling raw meat or eggs - before handling any other food.

Do not allow pets to walk on food preparation surfaces (i.e., don't let the cat walk on the counter top or dining table). Animals pick up many types of bacteria on their feet, and this is easily transferred to food. If you do catch your pet walking on the countertop, be sure to disinfect it before using it as a food preparation surface.

==References==
Wikipedia references:

*[[w:Abdominal thrusts|Abdominal Thrusts]]

Some material for this chapter was copied directly from the following public domain resources:
*[http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/10669-c/ U.S. Navy Training Manual, HOSPITAL CORPSMAN 3 & 2]
*[http://www.tpub.com/content/medical/14295/index.htm U.S. Navy Training Manual, Hospital Corpsman Revised Edition]
*[http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/safety/tips/ Department of Homeland Security, Fire Safety Tips]

Other references:
*[http://www.expage.com/page/lacieking Basic First Aid] (Linked by [http://www.auptrailblazers.org Jeruel B. Ibañez])

[[Category:Adventist Youth Honors Answer Book|{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]