Pathfinder Wiki - User contributions [en]

AY Honors/Parrots and Cockatoos/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:54:17Z

59.100.136.17:

{{Taxobox | color = pink
| name = Gang-gang Cockatoo
| status = LC
| image = Gang-gang female MJC01.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = [[Cockatoo|Cacatuidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Calyptorhynchinae]]
| genus = '''''Callocephalon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], [[1837]]
| species = '''''C. fimbriatum '''''
| binomial = ''Callocephalon fimbriatum''
| binomial_authority = ([[James Grant (navigator)|Grant, J.]], [[1803]])
| range_map = Bird range gang-gang cockatoo.png
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = Gang-gang Cockatoo range (in red)
}}

The '''Gang-gang Cockatoo''', ''Callocephalon fimbriatum,'' is found in the cooler and wetter forests and woodlands of [[Australia]], particularly [[alpine]] [[bushland]]. Mostly mid grey in colour with some lighter scalloping (more pronounced and buffish in females) the male has a red head and [[crest (bird)|crest]], while the female has a small fluffy grey crest. It ranges throughout south-eastern Australia and [[Tasmania]]. The Gang-gang Cockatoo is the faunal emblem of the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. It is easily identified by its distinctive call, which is described as resembling a creaky gate, or the sound of a cork being pulled from a wine bottle.

The name ''Gang-gang'' comes from a [[New South Wales]] [[Indigenous Australian|Aboriginal]] language, either [[Ngunnawal]] or [[Wiradjuri]]. It is possible both language groups called it that.

Like all [[cockatoo]]s, Gang-gangs nest in hollow trees. Loss of older, hollow-bearing trees and loss of feeding habitat across south-eastern Australia through land clearing has led to a significant reduction in the numbers of this cockatoo in recent years.

This species was most often allied with the white cockatoos of the genus ''[[Cacatua]]''. This has always been controversial due to the unusual appearance and coloration of the bird, especially its [[sexual dichromatism]]. New research has finally resolved the matter, with the Gang-gang Cockatoo being recognized as a distinctive early offshoot of the calyptorhynchine (dark) cockatoos (Brown & Toft, 1999). Considering the robust phylogeny of the cockatoos now established, a comparison of characters gained and lost during the evolution of cockatoos suggests that the Gang-gang Cockatoo - while of course much changed and adapted during the maybe 20 million years since its last common ancestor with any other living species lived - is probably still very similar in overall appearance to how the earliest cockatoos would have looked, and certainly the most primitive-looking of the species alive today.

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''[[BirdLife International]]'''|year=2004|id=47939|title=Callocephalon fimbriatum|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* '''Brown''', D.M. & '''Toft''', C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(1): 141-157.

* '''Flegg''', Jim (2002): ''Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia''. Reed New Holland, Sydney & London. ISBN 1-876334-78-9

==External links==
* [http://www.parrotscience.com ParrotScience - cockatoo heavy information site]
* [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/gang-gang_cockatoo_vulnerable NSW National Parks & Wildlife - Vulnerable species listing]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1395&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Female_Gang_Gang_Cockatoo.jpg|A female Gang-gang cockatoo eating peppercorns
Image:Gang-gang male MJC01.jpg|Male Gang-gang cockatoo
Image:Gang-gang female MJC02.jpg|Female Gang-gang cockatoo
</gallery>

[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Calyptorhynchinae]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]

[[cs:kakadu přilbový]]
[[sv:hjälmkakadua]]

AY Honors/Parrots and Cockatoos/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:53:44Z

59.100.136.17:

{{Taxobox | color = pink
| name = Gang-gang Cockatoo
| status = LC
| image = Gang-gang female MJC01.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = [[Cockatoo|Cacatuidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Calyptorhynchinae]]
| genus = '''''Callocephalon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], [[1837]]
| species = '''''C. fimbriatum '''''
| binomial = ''Callocephalon fimbriatum''
| binomial_authority = ([[James Grant (navigator)|Grant, J.]], [[1803]])
| range_map = Bird range gang-gang cockatoo.png
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = Gang-gang Cockatoo range (in red)
}}

The '''Gang-gang Cockatoo''', ''Callocephalon fimbriatum,'' is found in the cooler and wetter forests and woodlands of [[Australia]], particularly [[alpine]] [[bushland]]. Mostly mid grey in colour with some lighter scalloping (more pronounced and buffish in females) the male has a red head and [[crest (bird)|crest]], while the female has a small fluffy grey crest. It ranges throughout south-eastern Australia and [[Tasmania]]. The Gang-gang Cockatoo is the faunal emblem of the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. It is easily identified by its distinctive call, which is described as resembling a creaky gate, or the sound of a cork being pulled from a wine bottle. Gang gang comes from a [[New South Wales]] [[Indigenous Australian|Aboriginal]] language, either [[Ngunnawal]] or [[Wiradjuri]]. It is possible both language groups called it that.

Like all [[cockatoo]]s, Gang-gangs nest in hollow trees. Loss of older, hollow-bearing trees and loss of feeding habitat across south-eastern Australia through land clearing has led to a significant reduction in the numbers of this cockatoo in recent years.

This species was most often allied with the white cockatoos of the genus ''[[Cacatua]]''. This has always been controversial due to the unusual appearance and coloration of the bird, especially its [[sexual dichromatism]]. New research has finally resolved the matter, with the Gang-gang Cockatoo being recognized as a distinctive early offshoot of the calyptorhynchine (dark) cockatoos (Brown & Toft, 1999). Considering the robust phylogeny of the cockatoos now established, a comparison of characters gained and lost during the evolution of cockatoos suggests that the Gang-gang Cockatoo - while of course much changed and adapted during the maybe 20 million years since its last common ancestor with any other living species lived - is probably still very similar in overall appearance to how the earliest cockatoos would have looked, and certainly the most primitive-looking of the species alive today.

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''[[BirdLife International]]'''|year=2004|id=47939|title=Callocephalon fimbriatum|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* '''Brown''', D.M. & '''Toft''', C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(1): 141-157.

* '''Flegg''', Jim (2002): ''Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia''. Reed New Holland, Sydney & London. ISBN 1-876334-78-9

==External links==
* [http://www.parrotscience.com ParrotScience - cockatoo heavy information site]
* [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/gang-gang_cockatoo_vulnerable NSW National Parks & Wildlife - Vulnerable species listing]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1395&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Female_Gang_Gang_Cockatoo.jpg|A female Gang-gang cockatoo eating peppercorns
Image:Gang-gang male MJC01.jpg|Male Gang-gang cockatoo
Image:Gang-gang female MJC02.jpg|Female Gang-gang cockatoo
</gallery>

[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Calyptorhynchinae]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]

[[cs:kakadu přilbový]]
[[sv:hjälmkakadua]]

AY Honors/Parrots and Cockatoos/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:53:06Z

59.100.136.17:

{{Taxobox | color = pink
| name = Gang-gang Cockatoo
| status = LC
| image = Gang-gang female MJC01.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Psittaciformes]]
| familia = [[Cockatoo|Cacatuidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Calyptorhynchinae]]
| genus = '''''Callocephalon'''''
| genus_authority = [[Rene Primevere Lesson|Lesson]], [[1837]]
| species = '''''C. fimbriatum '''''
| binomial = ''Callocephalon fimbriatum''
| binomial_authority = ([[James Grant (navigator)|Grant, J.]], [[1803]])
| range_map = Bird range gang-gang cockatoo.png
| range_map_width = 240px
| range_map_caption = Gang-gang Cockatoo range (in red)
}}

The '''Gang-gang Cockatoo''', ''Callocephalon fimbriatum,'' is found in the cooler and wetter forests and woodlands of [[Australia]], particularly [[alpine]] [[bushland]]. Mostly mid grey in colour with some lighter scalloping (more pronounced and buffish in females) the male has a red head and [[crest (bird)|crest]], while the female has a small fluffy grey crest. It ranges throughout south-eastern Australia and [[Tasmania]]. The Gang-gang Cockatoo is the faunal emblem of the [[Australian Capital Territory]]. It is easily identified by its distinctive call, which is described as resembling a creaky gate, or the sound of a cork being pulled from a wine bottle. Gang gang comes from a [[New South Wales]] [[Indigenous Australian|Aboriginal]] language, either [[Ngunnawal]] or [[Wiradjuri]]. It is possible both language groups called it that.

Like all [[cockatoo]]s, Gang-gangs nest in hollow trees. Loss of older, hollow-bearing trees and loss of feeding habitat across south-eastern Australia through land clearing has led to a significant reduction in the numbers of this cockatoo in recent years.

This species was most often allied with the white cockatoos of the genus ''[[Cacatua]]''. This has always been controversial due to the unusual appearance and coloration of the bird, especially its [[sexual dichromatism]]. New research has finally resolved the matter, with the Gang-gang Cockatoo being recognized as a distinctive early offshoot of the calyptorhynchine (dark) cockatoos (Brown & Toft, 1999). Considering the robust phylogeny of the cockatoos now established, a comparison of characters gained and lost during the evolution of cockatoos suggests that the Gang-gang Cockatoo - while of course much changed and adapted during the maybe 20 million years since its last common ancestor with any other living species lived - is probably still very similar in overall appearance to how the earliest cockatoos would have looked, and certainly the most primitive-looking of the species alive today.

==References==
* {{IUCN2006|assessors='''[[BirdLife International]]'''|year=2004|id=47939|title=Callocephalon fimbriatum|downloaded=11 May 2006}} Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern

* '''Brown''', D.M. & '''Toft''', C.A. (1999): Molecular systematics and biogeography of the cockatoos (Psittaciformes: Cacatuidae). ''[[Auk (journal)|Auk]]'' '''116'''(1): 141-157.

* '''Flegg''', Jim (2002): ''Photographic Field Guide: Birds of Australia''. Reed New Holland, Sydney & London. ISBN 1-876334-78-9

==External links==
* [http://www.parrotscience.com ParrotScience - cockatoo heavy information site]
* [http://www.nationalparks.nsw.gov.au/npws.nsf/content/gang-gang_cockatoo_vulnerable NSW National Parks & Wildlife - Vulnerable species listing]
*[http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/species/index.html?action=SpcHTMDetails.asp&sid=1395&m=0 BirdLife Species Factsheet]

==Gallery==

<gallery>
Image:Female_Gang_Gang_Cockatoo.jpg|A female Gang-gang cockatoo eating peppercorns
Image:Gang-gang male MJC01.jpg|Male Gang-gang cockatoo
Image:Gang-gang female MJC02.jpg|Female Gang-gang cockatoo
</gallery>

[[Category:Birds of Australia]]
[[Category:Calyptorhynchinae]]

[[cs:kakadu přilbový]]
[[sv:hjälmkakadua]]

AY Honors/Marsupials/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:47:56Z

59.100.136.17:

{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Pademelons
| image = pademelon.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| infraclassis = [[Marsupialia]]
| ordo = [[Diprotodontia]]
| familia = [[Macropodidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Macropodinae]]
| genus = '''''Thylogale'''''
| genus_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1837]]
| type_species = ''[[Red-necked Pademelon|Halmaturus (Thylogale) eugenii]]''
| type_species_authority = [[John Edward Gray|Gray]], [[1837]]<br>(= ''Halmaturus thetis'' [[René-Primevère Lesson|Lesson]], [[1828]])
| subdivision_ranks = [[Species]]
| subdivision =
* ''[[Tasmanian Pademelon|Thylogale billardierii]]''
* ''[[Brown's Pademelon|Thylogale browni]]''
* ''[[Duskky Pademelon|Thylogale brunii]]''
* ''[[Calaby's Pademelon|Thylogale calabyi]]''
* ''[[Mountain Pademelon|Thylogale lanatus]]''
* ''[[Red-legged Pademelon|Thylogale stigmatica]]''
* ''[[Red-necked Pademelon|Thylogale thetis]]''
}}
[[Image:Tasmanian-pademelon-eating-apple.jpg|thumb|right|Tasmanian pademelon eating a slice of apple, with her joey]]
[[Image:Female-pademelon-with-sweet-threequarter.jpg|thumb|right|Female (notice the full pouch) red-legged pademelon eating a slice of [[sweet potato]] on a small private reserve near [[Port Douglas, Queensland]]]]

A '''pademelon''' is any of seven species of small, [[kangaroo]]-like creatures that are usually found in forests. Pademelons are the smallest of the [[macropod]]s. The name is a corruption of ''badimaliyan'', from the [[Dharuk]] [[Indigenous Australians|Aboriginal]] language of [[Port Jackson]].

Pademelons, [[wallaby|wallabies]], and [[kangaroo]]s are very alike in body structure, and the names just refer to the three different size groups. Originally wallabies were divided into small and large wallabies, but a more suitable name was needed to differentiate between them.

Besides their smaller size, pademelons can be distinguished from wallabies by their shorter, thicker, and sparsely haired tails.

==Distribution and habitat==
[[Image:Tasmanian-pademelons-at-dusk.jpg|thumb|left|Tasmanian pademelons in Narawntapu National Park. The pair at the back are about to mate.]]
[[Red-necked Pademelon]]s can be found in the coastal regions of [[Queensland]] and [[New South Wales]]. In some places their range has been drastically reduced. [[Red-legged Pademelon]]s can also be found in south-central [[New Guinea]]. The Red-bellied or Tasmanian Pademelon is abundant in [[Tasmania]]. The Dusky Pademelon lives in [[Papua New Guinea]] and surrounding islands. It was previously called the Aru Island Wallaby. Before that, it was called the Filander. This name occurred in a translation of [[C. de Bruyns Travels]] published in [[1737]].

The natural habitat of the pademelon is in thick scrubland or dense forested undergrowth. They also make tunnels through long grasses and bushes in swampy country.

==Diet and behavior==

If there are no predators such as dogs, they graze in the early mornings or evenings on grassy slopes near thickets into which they can quickly escape at the first sign of danger. Having noticed danger, such as a [[python]], they may try to warn others by stomping their feet on the ground producing surprisingly loud sound. Pademelons are nocturnal and tend to feed at night.

Their main diet is made up of grasses, leaves, and small shoots. They do little damage to crops and are not as aggressive as wallabies and kangaroos can be, making them gentle pets.

Normally, a group of females would stay on the territory with males showing up, only when one of the females is ready for mating. This is in contrast to the behavior of bigger kangaroos, who stay in mixed mobs with a male leader.

==Problems faced==

Pademelon meat used to be considered valuable and was eaten by settlers and aborigines for a long time. It was once suggested that they be introduced to France as a meat supply. Although their meat is very low in fat and cholesterol (like that of all kangaroos), Australians today would consider it no more than "second grade" and strongly prefer lamb and beef instead.

Aside from being killed for their meat and soft fur, their numbers have been reduced by the introduction of predators such as feral cats, dogs, and foxes. The [[rabbit (ecology)|rabbit]] explosion has also caused problems, as rabbits graze on the same grasses making less available for the pademelon. Also, clearing of land for homes has pushed the larger wallabies and kangaroos into land that pademelons had been thriving in for so long.

Tasmanian Pademelons were important to the [[Thylacine]]'s diet, and are still preyed on by [[quoll]]s, [[Tasmanian Devil]]s, [[Python]]s, and [[Wedge-tailed Eagle]]s. Despite these predators, there are many in Tasmania and its outlying smaller islands, and every year many are killed off to keep their numbers down.

==Species==

* [[Tasmanian Pademelon]], ''Thylogale billardierii''
* [[Brown's Pademelon]], ''Thylogale browni''
* [[Dusky Pademelon]], ''Thylogale brunii''
* [[Calaby's Pademelon]], ''Thylogale calabyi''
* [[Mountain Pademelon]], ''Thylogale lanatus''
* [[Red-legged Pademelon]], ''Thylogale stigmatica''
* [[Red-necked Pademelon]], ''Thylogale thetis''

==References==
*{{MSW3 Groves|pages=69}}

{{1911}}

[[category:Macropods]]
[[Category:Mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
[[de:Filander]]
[[fr:Thylogale]]
[[lt:Filanderiai]]
[[ja:ヤブワラビー属]]

AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:18:51Z

59.100.136.17: /* See also */

A '''humpy''' is a small temporary shelter made from bark and tree branches, traditionally used by [[Australian Aborigines]]. A standing tree is usually used as the main support. The word humpy comes from the [[Jagara]] language (a [[Murri]] people from [[Coorparoo]], [[Brisbane]]). Other [[Australian Aboriginal languages|language groups]] would have different names for the structure.

The word humpy was adopted by early white settlers, and now forms part of the [[Australian English vocabulary|Australian lexicon]]. Small impermanent dwellings, including of canvas, were often referred to as humpies.

It is sometimes called a [[lean-to]], since it relies on the tree for support.

==See also==
*[[Indigenous Australians]]
*[[List of English words of Australian Aboriginal origin]]

==External links==
*[http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictoria/a/0/9/doc/a09287.shtml State Library of Victoria photo of Aboriginal people and humpy]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/federation/stories/s427956.htm article on early white settlers making humpies]

{{IndigenousAustralia-stub}}
[[Category:Australian English]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
[[Category:shelter]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Human habitats]]

AY Honors/Aboriginal Lore/Answer Key

2006-11-02T23:18:16Z

59.100.136.17:

A '''humpy''' is a small temporary shelter made from bark and tree branches, traditionally used by [[Australian Aborigines]]. A standing tree is usually used as the main support. The word humpy comes from the [[Jagara]] language (a [[Murri]] people from [[Coorparoo]], [[Brisbane]]). Other [[Australian Aboriginal languages|language groups]] would have different names for the structure.

The word humpy was adopted by early white settlers, and now forms part of the [[Australian English vocabulary|Australian lexicon]]. Small impermanent dwellings, including of canvas, were often referred to as humpies.

It is sometimes called a [[lean-to]], since it relies on the tree for support.

==See also==
*[[Indigenous Australians]]
*[[English words of Australian Aboriginal origin]]

==External links==
*[http://www.slv.vic.gov.au/pictoria/a/0/9/doc/a09287.shtml State Library of Victoria photo of Aboriginal people and humpy]
*[http://www.abc.net.au/queensland/federation/stories/s427956.htm article on early white settlers making humpies]

{{IndigenousAustralia-stub}}
[[Category:Australian English]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal culture]]
[[Category:Australian Aboriginal terms]]
[[Category:shelter]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Human habitats]]