AY Honors/Model Railroad/Answer Key

2007-03-30T06:55:47Z

216.86.113.16: and Luxembourg to Spain

:''For other uses, see [[Gondola (disambiguation)]]''
[[Image:CW 5097 at Rochelle, IL, 20040718.jpg|thumb|300px|A railroad gondola seen at [[Rochelle, Illinois]].]]
In [[railroad terminology]], a '''gondola''' is an open-top type of [[rolling stock]] that is used for carrying loose bulk materials. Because of its low side walls, gondolas are used to carry either very dense material, such as [[steel]] plates or coils, or bulky items such as prefabricated pieces of [[rail track]].

==History==
==Specialized car types==
===[[Coil car (rail)]]===

===Lorry===
An open railroad car (gondola) with a tipping trough, often found in [[mining|mines]].

===[[Track ballast]] gondolas===
[[Image:Side dump gondola at NRM.jpg|thumb|A side-dump gondola on display at the [[National Railroad Museum]], [[Green Bay, Wisconsin]].]]
{{-}}

==="Bathtub" gondolas===
[[Image:Bathtub gondola at Rochelle.jpg|thumb|A bathtub gondola passing through [[Rochelle, Illinois]], [[May 29]], [[2005]].]]
[[Image:PhosphateGon.JPG|thumb|[[CSX Transportation|CSXT]] 640006 awaits pickup at [[Edison Junction, Florida]]. Rotary gondolas such as these are used by CSXT to transport [[phosphate]] rock from the [[Bone Valley]] region to transloading facilities along [[Tampa Bay]].]]
In the second half of the [[20th century]], [[coal]] haulage shifted from open [[hopper car]]s to high-sided gondolas. Using a gondola, the railroads are able to haul a larger amount of coal per car since gondolas do not include the equipment needed for unloading. However, since these cars do not have hatches for unloading the products shipped in them, railroads must use [[rotary car dumper]]s (mechanisms that hold a car against a short section of track as the car and track are slowly rotated upside down to empty the car) or other means to empty them. The term "bathtub" refers to the shape of the car.
{{-}}

===Container well cars===
[[Image:DTTX 724681 20050529 IL Rochelle.jpg|thumb|A portion of a 5-unit container car.]]
These specialized gondolas are designed to carry shipping [[container shipping|containers]]. A depressed center section provides a floor which is only inches above the rails. This stabilizes the container by lowering the [[center of gravity]], also allowing double-stacking, which would be impossible if the containers were placed on a [[flatcar]]. Single-unit well cars exist, but 3- and 5-car [[articulated]] sets are common. These reduce weight by reducing the number of [[bogie|trucks]] by nearly half, and also reduce the amount of slack in the train since there are fewer couplers. This protects the cargo by reducing the jolts that occur at starting and stopping caused by slack.

===[[Modalohr]] road trailer carriers===
Specialized [[railroad car]]s carrying [[Semi-trailer|road trailers]] and [[Tractor#Other types of tractors| road tractor]]s on a route from [[France]] to [[Italy]] and [[Luxembourg]] to [[Spain]] and vice versa. A deck between the [[bogie]]s (trucks) [[pivot]]s (swings) 30°, allowing the trailers to be loaded from the sides. For details see the official sites [http://www.lohr.fr/rail-route.htm Rail-route] or [http://www.modalohr.com Modalohr] (in [[French language|French]] only).

==References==
* Double Stack Intermodal Cars-Freight [http://www.curtis-engineering.com/fdoublestackinter.htm doublestackinter]

==See also==
* [[Coil car (rail)]]
* [[Containerization]]
* [[Railgon Company]]

==External links==
* [http://www.sdrm.org/roster/freight/gon72312/index.html Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway #72312] — photos and short history of an example of a typical steel, four-axle, solid bottom, fixed end, mill gondola.

{{freight cars}}

[[Category:Freight equipment]]

[[de:Offener Güterwagen]]
[[ja:無蓋車]]

Field Guide/Birds/Pandion haliaetus

2006-05-18T22:54:21Z

216.86.113.16: mod io

{{otheruses}}
{{Taxobox
| color = pink
| name = Osprey
| status = LC
| image = Osprey.jpg
| image_width = 200px
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Falconiformes]]
| familia = '''Pandionidae'''
| familia_authority = Sclater & Salvin, 1873
| genus = '''''Pandion'''''
| genus_authority = [[Marie Jules César Savigny|Savigny]], 1809
| species = '''''P. haliaetus'''''
| binomial = ''Pandion haliaetus''
| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]], [[1758]])
}}
The '''Osprey''' (''Pandion haliaetus'') is a medium large [[bird of prey|raptor]] which is a specialist fish-eater with a worldwide distribution. It is often known by other [[colloquial]] names such as '''fishhawk''', '''seahawk''' or '''Fish Eagle'''. It is the only member of the genus ''Pandion'', which is in turn the only genus in family Pandionidae.

The Osprey is 52-60cm (20.5-23.6 inches) long with a 152-167cm (5-5.5 feet) wingspan. It has white underparts and long, narrow wings with four "finger" feathers at the end of each, which give it a very distinctive appearance.

Their call is a series of sharp, whistles, ''cheep'', ''cheep'', or ''yewk'', ''yewk''. Near the nest, a frenzied ''cheereek''!

The Osprey is particularly well adapted to its diet, with reversible outer toes, closable nostrils to keep out water during dives, and backwards facing scales on the talons which act as barbs to help catch [[fish]].

[[Image:OspreyNASA.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An osprey preparing to dive.]]
It locates its prey from the air, often hovering prior to plunging feet-first into the water to seize a fish. As it rises back into flight the fish is turned head forward to reduce [[drag (physics)|drag]]. The 'barbed' talons are such effective tools for grasping fish that, on occasion, an Osprey may be unable to release a fish that is heavier than expected. This can cause the Osprey to be pulled into the water, where it may either swim to safety or succumb to [[hypothermia]] and drown.

It breeds by freshwater lakes, and sometimes on coastal brackish waters. The nest is a large heap of sticks built in trees, rocky outcrops, telephone poles or artificial platforms. In some regions with high Osprey densities, such as [[Chesapeake Bay]], [[USA]], most Ospreys do not start breeding until they are five to seven years old. Many of the structures they need to build nests on are already taken. If there are no nesting sites available, young Ospreys may be forced to delay breeding. To ease this problem, posts may erected to provide more sites.

Ospreys usually mate for life. In March or earlier depending on region, they begin a five-month period of partnership to raise their young. Females lay 3–4 [[The biology of eggs|egg]]s by late April, and rely on the size of their nest to help conserve heat. The eggs are approximately the size of [[chicken]] eggs, and [[cinnamon]] colored. The eggs generally incubate for 5 weeks. After hatching, 2-ounce chicks become fliers within eight weeks. When food is scarce, the first chicks to hatch are most likely to survive. The typical lifespan is 20-25 years.

[[Europe|European]] breeders winter in [[Africa]]. [[United States|American]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] breeders winter in [[South America]], although some stay in the southernmost [[United States|USA]] states such as [[Florida]] and [[California]]. [[Australasian]] Ospreys tend not to [[bird migration|migrate]].
[[Image:Osprey01usfs.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Osprey soaring.]]
The Osprey differs in several respects from the other diurnal birds of prey, and has always presented something of a riddle to the taxonomist. Here it is treated as the sole member of the family '''Pandionidae''', and the family listed in its traditional place as part of the order [[Falconiformes]]. Other schemes place it alongside the hawks and eagles in the family [[Accipitridae]]—which itself can be regarded as making up the bulk of the order [[Accipitriformes]] or else be lumped with the [[Falconidae]] into [[Falconiformes]]— and others again group it alongside the other raptors in a greatly enlarged [[Ciconiiformes]].

Twenty to thirty years ago, Ospreys in some regions faced possible [[extinction]], because the species could not produce enough young to maintain the population. Since the ban of [[DDT]] in many countries in the early 1970s, together with reduced persecution, the Ospreys, as well as other affected [[bird of prey]] species are making significant recoveries.

The Osprey is the [[List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols|official bird]] of [[Nova Scotia]] in [[Canada]] and [[Sudermannia]] in [[Sweden]]. It is the official mascot and team name for the [[University of North Florida]] and the [[Richard Stockton College of New Jersey]]. The bird was depicted on the 1986 series [[Canadian dollar|Canadian $10 note]].

==See also==
* [[Ospreys in Britain]]

==External links==
{{commons|Pandion haliaetus}}
{{en:wiktionary|osprey}}
*[http://www.rspb.org/reserves/guide/a/abernethyforest/diary/index.asp RSPB UK Osprey Diary with links to much other bird information]
*[http://www.ospreys.org.uk/AWOP/Update.htm For numerous links to information about ospreys in Britain.]
*[http://images.usace.army.mil/scripts/PortWeb.dll?query&field=Image%20name&opt=matches&value=2892-65.Jpg&template=Selected_Info&catalog=photoDVL A little about ospreys in West Virginia]
*[http://ibc.hbw.com/ibc/phtml/especie.phtml?idEspecie=568 Osprey videos] on the Internet Bird Collection

[[Category:Birds of prey]]
[[Category:falconiformes]]
[[Category:Heraldic birds]]
[[Category:Birds of Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Fauna of the Scottish Highlands]]

[[af:Visarend]]
[[bg:Орел рибар]]
[[cs:Orlovec říční]]
[[cy:Gwalch y Pysgod]]
[[da:Fiskeørn]]
[[de:Fischadler]]
[[eo:Fiŝaglo]]
[[fr:Balbuzard pêcheur]]
[[fy:Fiskearn]]
[[gl:Aguia peixeira]]
[[io:Mar-aglo]]
[[he:שלך]]
[[lt:Erelis žuvininkas]]
[[nl:Visarend]]
[[ja:ミサゴ]]
[[nn:Fiskeørn]]
[[pl:Rybołów]]
[[pt:Águia-pesqueira]]
[[sk:Kršiak rybár]]
[[sl:Ribji orel]]
[[fi:Sääksi]]
[[sv:Fiskgjuse]]
[[tr:Balık kartalı]]
[[zh:鹗]]

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AY Honors/Model Railroad/Answer Key

Field Guide/Birds/Pandion haliaetus