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AY Honors/Gold Prospecting/Answer Key

2006-01-26T07:56:28Z

168.209.98.35:

ÚThe '''[[Witwatersrand]] [[Gold rush|Gold Rush]]''' and the establishment of [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] are closely connected.

There had always been rumours of a modern-day "[[El Dorado]]" in the [[folklore]] of the native tribes that roamed the plains of the [[South Africa]]n [[highveld]], and the [[gold]] miners that had come from all over the world to seek out their fortunes on the [[alluvial mine]]s of [[Barberton, South Africa|Barberton]] and [[Pissive wealth of the [[Witwatersrand]] would be uncovered. Scientific studies have pointed to the fact that the "[[Golden Arc]]" which stretches from [[Johannesburg]] to [[Welkom]] was once a massive inland lake, and that [[silt]] and gold deposits from alluvial gold settled in the area to form the gold-rich deposits that South Africa is famous for.

==Discovery==

[[Image:langlaagte.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[farm]] where [[gold]] was first discovered in [[1886]].]]

It is believed that it was a Sunday in March [[1886]] that an Australian gold miner, George Harrison, stumbled across a rocky outcrop of the main gold-bearing reef. He declared his claim with the then-government of the [[South African Republic|Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek]] (ZAR), and the area was pronounced open diggings. His discovery is recorded in history with a monument where the original gold outcrop is believed to be located, and a park named in his honour. Ironically, Harrison is believed to have sold his claim for less than 10 Pounds before leaving the area, and he was never heard from again.

==Founding of Johannesburg==

It did not take long for fortune-seekers from all over the world to flock to the area, and soon what was a dusty mining village known as [[Ferreira's Camp]] was formalised into a settlement. Initially, the ZAR did not believe that the gold would last for long, and mapped out a small triangular piece of land to cram as many plots onto as possible. This is the reason why Johannesburg's [[central business district]] streets are so narrow.

Within 10 years, the town was already the largest in South Africa, outstripping the growth of [[Cape Town]], which was more than 200 years older. The gold rush saw massive development of Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand, and the area remains the prime metropolitan area of South Africa.

==Second Boer War==

The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a major contributing factor of the failed [[Jameson Raid]] of [[1895]] to [[1896]], and of the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]] in [[1899]]. [[Boer]] resentment over the large number of foreigners ([[Uitlanders]]) in the Witwatersrand led to heavy taxes and the denial of voting rights for the gold miners, and in response the uitlanders and the British owners of the mines began to pressure the overthrow of the Boer government.

[[Category:Gold rushes]]
[[Category:History of South Africa]]

AY Honors/Gold Prospecting/Answer Key

2006-01-26T07:55:15Z

168.209.98.35:

The '''[[Witwatersrand]] [[Gold rush|Gold Rush]]''' and the establishment of [[Johannesburg]], [[South Africa]] are closely connected.

There had always been rumours of a modern-day "[[El Dorado]]" in the [[folklore]] of the native tribes that roamed the plains of the [[South Africa]]n [[highveld]], and the [[gold]] miners that had come from all over the world to seek out their fortunes on the [[alluvial mine]]s of [[Barberton, South Africa|Barberton]] and [[Pissive wealth of the [[Witwatersrand]] would be uncovered. Scientific studies have pointed to the fact that the "[[Golden Arc]]" which stretches from [[Johannesburg]] to [[Welkom]] was once a massive inland lake, and that [[silt]] and gold deposits from alluvial gold settled in the area to form the gold-rich deposits that South Africa is famous for.

==Discovery==

[[Image:langlaagte.jpg|thumb|250px|right|The [[farm]] where [[gold]] was first discovered in [[1886]].]]

It is believed that it was a Sunday in March [[1886]] that an Australian gold miner, George Harrison, stumbled across a rocky outcrop of the main gold-bearing reef. He declared his claim with the then-government of the [[South African Republic|Zuid Afrikaanse Republiek]] (ZAR), and the area was pronounced open diggings. His discovery is recorded in history with a monument where the original gold outcrop is believed to be located, and a park named in his honour. Ironically, Harrison is believed to have sold his claim for less than 10 Pounds before leaving the area, and he was never heard from again.

==Founding of Johannesburg==

It did not take long for fortune-seekers from all over the world to flock to the area, and soon what was a dusty mining village known as [[Ferreira's Camp]] was formalised into a settlement. Initially, the ZAR did not believe that the gold would last for long, and mapped out a small triangular piece of land to cram as many plots onto as possible. This is the reason why Johannesburg's [[central business district]] streets are so narrow.

Within 10 years, the town was already the largest in South Africa, outstripping the growth of [[Cape Town]], which was more than 200 years older. The gold rush saw massive development of Johannesburg and the Witwatersrand, and the area remains the prime metropolitan area of South Africa.

==Second Boer War==

The Witwatersrand Gold Rush was a major contributing factor of the failed [[Jameson Raid]] of [[1895]] to [[1896]], and of the outbreak of the [[Second Boer War]] in [[1899]]. [[Boer]] resentment over the large number of foreigners ([[Uitlanders]]) in the Witwatersrand led to heavy taxes and the denial of voting rights for the gold miners, and in response the uitlanders and the British owners of the mines began to pressure the overthrow of the Boer government.

[[Category:Gold rushes]]
[[Category:History of South Africa]]

AY Honors/African Lore/Answer Key

2005-10-21T21:00:10Z

168.209.98.35: /* Famous Xhosa People */ - Bulelani Ngcuka

{{ethnic group|
|group=Xhosas
|image=[[Image:Mandelaza.jpg]]
[[Nelson Mandela]] is a famous Xhosa-speaker.
|poptime=2001: '''7.9 million''' est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>
|popplace=[[Eastern Cape Province|Eastern Cape]]: '''5.4 million''',
[[Western Cape Province|Western Cape]]: '''1.1 million''',
[[Gauteng Province|Gauteng]]: '''0.7 million''',
[[Free State Province|Free State]]: '''0.25 million''',
[[Kwazulu-Natal Province|Kwazulu-Natal]]: '''0.22 million'''
(2001 est. <sup>[[#References|1]]</sup>)
|langs=[[Xhosa language|Xhosa]], many also speak [[English language|English]] or [[Afrikaans language|Afrikaans]].
|rels=[[Animist]], [[Christian]]
|related=[[Bantu]], [[Nguni]], [[Basotho]], [[Zulu]], [[Khoisan]]
}}

The '''Xhosa''' people are a group of peoples of [[Bantu]] origins living in south-east [[South Africa]].

== History of the Xhosa ==

The Xhosa are part of the southern [[Nguni]] migration which slowly moved south from the region around the [[Great Lakes]] from around 1400. The name Xhosa refers to a specific tribal leader, called uXhosa, from whom the Xhosa claim descent. They refer to themselves as the '''amaXhosa''' and their language as [[Xhosa language|isiXhosa]], a [[Bantu]] language. Xhosa society was historically viewed as an 'open' society, because of its readiness to learn from, trade and interact with other societies. This included the incorporation or absorption of entire [[Khoi]] and [[Griqua]] cultural groups into Xhosa communities, often through marriage, and the wholesale adoption of [[Khoisan]] loanwords into Xhosa vocabulary.

The Xhosa people split in the eighteenth century as the result of a succession dispute between chiefs. The two branches of the group are known as the Gcaleka and the Rharhabe or Ngqika. The name Xhosa is also often used to refer to anyone from a number of different Xhosa-speaking ethnic groups that includes the [[Pondo]] and Thembu, neighbours of the Xhosa people, and the Mfengu people, who are descendants of scattered clans who were displaced during the [[mfecane]] of the early nineteenth century.

Although nowadays around 8 million Xhosa people are distributed across the country, the population is concentrated in the [[Eastern Cape Province]] of South Africa. Under the pre-1994 South African system of [[bantustan]]s, they were allocated to [[Transkei]] or [[Ciskei]], now both a part of Eastern Cape.

The Xhosa and white settlers first encountered one another around Somerset West in the early 1700s. In the late 1700s [[Afrikaner]] [[trekboer]]s migrating outwards from Cape Town came into conflict with Xhosa pastoralists around the Great Fish River region of the [[Eastern Cape]]. Following more than 20 years of intermittent conflict, in [[1811]] to [[1812]] the Xhosas were forced east by [[British Empire|British]] colonial forces in what was known as the Third Frontier War.

In the years following, many Xhosa-speaking clans were pushed west by expansion of the [[Zulu]]s, as the northern [[Nguni]] put pressure on the southern Nguni as part of the historical process known as the [[mfecane]], or "scattering". Xhosa unity and ability to resist colonial expansion was weakened by the [[famine]]s and political divisions that followed the cattle-killing delusion of [[1856]] (see [[Nongqawuse]]).

The "X" in the word "Xhosa" is a [[click consonant]]: it is pronounced with a sideways click of the teeth - the same noise one makes when urging on a horse.

== Famous Xhosa People ==
[[Nelson Mandela]] is a Xhosa-speaking member of the Thembu people, and a significant portion of the [[African National Congress]] leadership is Xhosa or Xhosa-speaking.

[[Stephen Biko]]

[[Thabo Mbeki]]

[[Makhaya Ntini]]

[[Desmond Tutu]]

[[ Brenda Fassie]]

[[ Winnie Madikizela-Mandela]]

[[ Chris Hani]]

[[ Oliver Tambo]]

[[Walter Sisulu]]

[[ Miriam Makeba]]

[[ Robert Sobukwe]]

[[ John Kani]]

[[ Enoch Sontonga]]

[[ Govan Mbeki]]

[[ Archibald Campbell Jordan]]

[[ Victoria Mxenge]]

[[ S.E.K. Mqhayi]]

==See also==
*Reverend [[Henry Hare Dugmore]], the first translator of the [[Christian]] [[bible]] and [[psalms]] into Xhosa

==References==
* [http://www.southafrica.info/ess_info/sa_glance/demographics/census-main.htm Results of the 2001 South African census]
::Note that the figure mentioned on this page is based upon the number of people speaking [[Xhosa language|Xhosa]] as their home language, which may be greater or less than the total number of people claiming Xhosa descent.
* Reader, J., 1997. ''[[Africa]]: A Biography of the Continent'', Vintage Books, [[New York]], NY, United States of America.

== External Links ==
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/xft/ Xhosa Folklore] - a collection of Xhosa folklore collected in 1886.

[[Category:Ethnic groups of South Africa]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups of Africa]]

{{Ethnic Groups South Africa}}

[[de:Xhosa]]
[[fi:Xhosat]]
[[it:Xhosa]]
[[nl:Xhosa]]
[[pt:Xhosa]]

AY Honors/Fishes/Answer Key

2005-04-09T19:57:37Z

168.209.98.35:

Common Name : Molly

Habitat: Coastal brackish and marine waters of Mexico.

AY Honors/Fungi/Rust infection

2004-04-24T15:34:42Z

168.209.98.35:

''This article is about the fungus. For the corrosion process, see [[rust]].''

{| style="float: right"; width=35%; border="1" cellpadding="5px" cellspacing="1"
!align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"|'''Rust'''
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"|'''[[Scientific Classification]]'''
|-
|[[Kingdom]]: '''[[Fungi]]'''
|-
|[[Division]]: '''[[Basidiomycota]]'''
|-
|[[Class]]: '''[[Urediniomycota]]'''
|-
|[[Order (biology)|Order]]: '''[[Uredinales]]'''
|-
!align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"|'''Families'''
|-
|[[Pucciniaceae]]
|-
|[[Melampsoraceae]]
|-
|[[Coleosporiaceae]]
|-
|[[Cronartiaceae]]
|-
|[[Phragmidiaceae]]
|-
|[[Pucciniastraceae]]
|}

'''Rusts''' are [[fungi]] of the order [[Uredinales]]. Many of these species are plant [[parasites]]. Some are superficially similar to the [[smut]]s, although their relation to each other is not clear. The taxonomy of Urediniomycota, as a whole, is in a state of flux.

Many of the rusts have two or more hosts ([[heteroecious]]) and up to five spore stages. Among them are ''[[Gymnosporangium]]'', the [[juniper]]-[[Apple (fruit)|apple]] and [[juniper]]-[[hawthorn]] rusts.

The group recieved its common name from the fact that some species have a reddish [[spore]] stage, which resembles the corrosion process known as [[rust]].

==External Links==

[http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/332/Basidiomycota/Teliomycetes/Uredinales/ Images of some rusts]

AY Honors/Shipworm

2004-02-05T20:57:04Z

168.209.98.35:

<table border="1" cellspacing="0" align="right" cellpading="2">
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor=pink>'''Shipworm'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>
</td></tr>
<tr><th align="center" bgcolor=pink>'''[[Scientific classification]]'''</th></tr>
<tr><td>
<table align="center">
<tr><td>[[Kingdom (biology)|Kingdom]]:</td><td>[[Animal|Animalia]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Phylum]]:</td><td>[[Mollusca]]</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Class (biology)|Class]]:</td><td>[[Bivalvia]] (or [[Pelecypoda]])</td></tr>
<tr><td>[[Order (biology)|Order]]:</td><td>[[Eulamellibranchia]]
<tr><td>[[Family]]:</td><td>[[Teredinidae]]
</table>
</td></tr><tr>
</td></tr></table>

'''Shipworms''' are not in fact [[worm]]s at all, but rather a peculiar variety of marine [[mollusk]] ([[Eulamellibranchiata]]). They bore into submerged [[wood]] and are one of the few animals capable of digesting [[cellulose]] directly. The shipworms belong to several [[genus|genera]] of which ''[[Teredo]]'' is the most commonly mentioned.

Shipworms have slender worm-like forms, but possess the characteristic structures of [[bivalve]]s. The valves of the [[Animal shell|shell]] are small separate parts located at the anterior end of the worm, used for excavating the burrow. Shipworms do great amounts of damage to wooden hulls and marine piling, and have been the subject of much study to find methods to avoid their attacks.